# spectralEntropy

Spectral entropy for audio signals and auditory spectrograms

## Syntax

``entropy = spectralEntropy(x,f)``
``entropy = spectralEntropy(x,f,Name=Value)``
``spectralEntropy(___)``

## Description

example

````entropy = spectralEntropy(x,f)` returns the spectral entropy of the signal, `x`, over time. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`.```

example

````entropy = spectralEntropy(x,f,Name=Value)` specifies options using one or more name-value arguments.```

example

````spectralEntropy(___)` with no output arguments plots the spectral entropy. You can specify an input combination from any of the previous syntaxes. If the input is in the time domain, the spectral entropy is plotted against time.If the input is in the frequency domain, the spectral entropy is plotted against frame number. ```

## Examples

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Read in an audio file and calculate the entropy using default parameters.

```[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav"); entropy = spectralEntropy(audioIn,fs);```

Plot the spectral entropy against time

`spectralEntropy(audioIn,fs)`

Read in an audio file and then calculate the mel spectrogram using the `melSpectrogram` function.

```[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav"); [s,cf,t] = melSpectrogram(audioIn,fs);```

Calculate the entropy of the mel spectrogram over time.

`entropy = spectralEntropy(s,cf);`

Plot the spectral entropy against the frame number.

`spectralEntropy(s,cf)`

`[audioIn,fs] = audioread("Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav");`

Calculate the entropy of the power spectrum over time. Calculate the entropy for 50 ms Hamming windows of data with 25 ms overlap. Use the range from 62.5 Hz to `fs`/2 for the entropy calculation.

```entropy = spectralEntropy(audioIn,fs, ... Window=hamming(round(0.05*fs)), ... OverlapLength=round(0.025*fs), ... Range=[62.5,fs/2]); ```

Plot the spectral entropy against time.

```spectralEntropy(audioIn,fs, ... Window=hamming(round(0.05*fs)), ... OverlapLength=round(0.025*fs), ... Range=[62.5,fs/2])```

Create a `dsp.AudioFileReader` object to read in audio data frame-by-frame. Create a `dsp.SignalSink` to log the spectral entropy calculation.

```fileReader = dsp.AudioFileReader('Counting-16-44p1-mono-15secs.wav'); logger = dsp.SignalSink;```

In an audio stream loop:

1. Read in a frame of audio data.

2. Calculate the spectral entropy for the frame of audio.

3. Log the spectral entropy for later plotting.

To calculate the spectral entropy for only a given input frame, specify a window with the same number of samples as the input, and set the overlap length to zero. Plot the logged data.

```while ~isDone(fileReader) audioIn = fileReader(); entropy = spectralEntropy(audioIn,fileReader.SampleRate, ... 'Window',hamming(size(audioIn,1)), ... 'OverlapLength',0); logger(entropy) end plot(logger.Buffer) ylabel('Entropy')```

Use `dsp.AsyncBuffer` if

• The input to your audio stream loop has a variable samples-per-frame.

• The input to your audio stream loop has an inconsistent samples-per-frame with the analysis window of `spectralEntropy`.

• You want to calculate the spectral entropy for overlapped data.

Create a `dsp.AsyncBuffer` object, reset the logger, and release the file reader.

```buff = dsp.AsyncBuffer; reset(logger) release(fileReader)```

Specify that the spectral entropy is calculated for 50 ms frames with a 25 ms overlap.

```fs = fileReader.SampleRate; samplesPerFrame = round(fs*0.05); samplesOverlap = round(fs*0.025); samplesPerHop = samplesPerFrame - samplesOverlap; win = hamming(samplesPerFrame); while ~isDone(fileReader) audioIn = fileReader(); write(buff,audioIn); while buff.NumUnreadSamples >= samplesPerHop audioBuffered = read(buff,samplesPerFrame,samplesOverlap); entropy = spectralEntropy(audioBuffered,fs, ... 'Window',win, ... 'OverlapLength',0); logger(entropy) end end release(fileReader)```

Plot the logged data.

```plot(logger.Buffer) ylabel('Entropy')```

## Input Arguments

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Input signal, specified as a vector, matrix, or 3-D array. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Sample rate or frequency vector in Hz, specified as a scalar or vector, respectively. How the function interprets `x` depends on the shape of `f`:

• If `f` is a scalar, `x` is interpreted as a time-domain signal, and `f` is interpreted as the sample rate. In this case, `x` must be a real vector or matrix. If `x` is specified as a matrix, the columns are interpreted as individual channels.

• If `f` is a vector, `x` is interpreted as a frequency-domain signal, and `f` is interpreted as the frequencies, in Hz, corresponding to the rows of `x`. In this case, `x` must be a real L-by-M-by-N array, where L is the number of spectral values at given frequencies of `f`, M is the number of individual spectra, and N is the number of channels.

• The number of rows of `x`, L, must be equal to the number of elements of `f`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

### Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as `Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN`, where `Name` is the argument name and `Value` is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose `Name` in quotes.

Example: `Window=hamming(256)`

Note

The following name-value arguments apply if `x` is a time-domain signal. If `x` is a frequency-domain signal, name-value arguments are ignored.

Window applied in the time domain, specified as a real vector. The number of elements in the vector must be in the range [1, `size(x,1)`]. The number of elements in the vector must also be greater than `OverlapLength`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Number of samples overlapped between adjacent windows, specified as an integer in the range [0, `size(Window,1)`).

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Number of bins used to calculate the DFT of windowed input samples, specified as a positive scalar integer. If unspecified, `FFTLength` defaults to the number of elements in the `Window`.

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Frequency range in Hz, specified as a two-element row vector of increasing real values in the range [0, `f`/2].

Data Types: `single` | `double`

Spectrum type, specified as `"power"` or `"magnitude"`:

• `"power"` –– The spectral entropy is calculated for the one-sided power spectrum.

• `"magnitude"` –– The spectral entropy is calculated for the one-sided magnitude spectrum.

Data Types: `char` | `string`

## Output Arguments

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Spectral entropy, returned as a scalar, vector, or matrix. Each row of `entropy` corresponds to the spectral entropy of a window of `x`. Each column of `entropy` corresponds to an independent channel.

## Algorithms

The spectral entropy is calculated as described in [1]:

`$\text{entropy}=\frac{-\sum _{k={b}_{1}}^{{b}_{2}}{s}_{k}\mathrm{log}\left({s}_{k}\right)}{\mathrm{log}\left({b}_{2}-{b}_{1}\right)}$`

where

• sk is the spectral value at bin k.

• b1 and b2 are the band edges, in bins, over which to calculate the spectral entropy.

## References

[1] Misra, H., S. Ikbal, H. Bourlard, and H. Hermansky. "Spectral Entropy Based Feature for Robust ASR." 2004 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

## Version History

Introduced in R2019a