Benchmark Trajectories for Multi-Object Tracking

Introduction

The six aircraft trajectories modeled in this example are described in [1]. The aircraft fly in an arrangement intended to be received by a radar located at the origin.

Choice of Interpolant

Conceptually speaking, a trajectory is a curve through space which an object travels as a function of time. To define the curve, you may think of a curve through space that passes through a set of points called waypoints connected by an interpolating function called an interpolant. An interpolant allows you to define the path between waypoints via a continuous function. Common interpolants are polynomial based (for example, piecewise linear or cubic splines). For a rapidly changing trajectory, more waypoints are required to keep the interpolated curve as close to the true curve as possible; however, we can reduce the number of required points by choosing interpolants carefully.

Many motion models used in track filters consist of constant velocity, constant turn, or constant acceleration profiles. To accommodate these motion models, the interpolant used in the waypointTrajectory object is based on a piecewise clothoid spline (horizontally) and a cubic spline (vertically). The curvature of a clothoid spline varies linearly with respect to distance traveled; this lets you model straight and constant turns with ease, having one extra degree of freedom to transition smoothly between straight and curved segments. Similarly, objects in the air experience the effects of gravity, following a parabolic (quadratic) path. Having a cubic spline to model vertical elevation allows you to model the path with a similar extra degree of freedom.

Once the physical path through space of an object is known (and set), the speed of the object as a function of distance traveled is determined via cubic Hermite interpolation. This is useful for modeling trajectories of objects that accelerate through turns or straight segments.

The benchmark trajectories consist of straight, constant-g turns, and turns with acceleration.

Waypoint Construction

The following file contains tables of waypoints and velocities (in units of meters and meters per second) that can be used to reconstruct six aircraft trajectories. Load it into MATLAB® and examine the table containing the first trajectory.

load('radarBenchmarkTrajectoryTables.mat', 'trajTable');
trajTable{1}

ans =

  14x3 table

    Time             Waypoints                     Velocities          
    _____    _________________________    _____________________________

        0    72947     29474     -1258     -258.9    -129.69          0
       60    57413     21695     -1258     -258.9    -129.66          0
       62    56905     21417     -1258     -245.3    -153.89          0
     78.1    54591     17566     -1258    -20.635    -288.86          0
       80    54573     17016     -1258    -2.8042    -289.59          0
       83    54571     16147     -1258     -0.061    -289.56          0
      110    54571      8329     -1258          0    -289.56          0
    112.7    54634    7551.5     -1258     58.979    -283.56          0
      120    55718    5785.5     -1258     226.41    -180.59          0
      129    58170    5172.8     -1258     284.74      52.88          0
      132    59004    5413.9     -1258     274.26      93.05          0
    137.8    60592    5962.2     -1258     273.62      94.76          0
    147.8    63328    6909.9     -1258     273.62      94.76          0
      185    73508     10435     -1258     273.62      94.76          0

Scenario Generation

The table contains a set of waypoints and velocities that the aircraft passes through at the corresponding time.

To use the control points, you can create a scenario with six platforms and assign a trajectory to each.

scene = radarScenario('UpdateRate',10);

for n=1:6
    plat = platform(scene);
    traj = trajTable{n};
    plat.Trajectory = waypointTrajectory(traj.Waypoints, traj.Time, 'Velocities', traj.Velocities);
end

Trajectory Visualization

Once you have the scenario and plotter set up, you can set up a theaterPlot object to create an animated view of the locations of the aircraft as time progresses.

helperPlot = helperBenchmarkPlotter(numel(scene.Platforms));

while advance(scene)
    % extract the pose of each of the six aircraft
    poses = platformPoses(scene);

    % update the plot
    update(helperPlot, poses, scene.SimulationTime);
end

The trajectories plotted above are three-dimensional. You can rotate the plot so that the elevation of the trajectories is readily visible. You can use the view and axis commands to adjust the plot. Because the trajectories use a north-east-down (NED) coordinate system, elevation above ground has a negative z component.

view(60,10);
axis square
grid minor
set(gca,'ZDir','reverse');

Trajectory 1

It can be instructive to view the control points used to generate the trajectories. The following figure shows the first trajectory, which is representative of a large aircraft.

The control points used to construct the path are plotted on the leftmost plot. Only a few waypoints are needed to mark the changes in curvature as the plane takes a constant turn.

The plots on the right show the altitude, magnitude of velocity (speed), and magnitude of acceleration, respectively. The speed stays nearly constant throughout despite the abrupt change in curvature. This is an advantage of using the clothoid interpolant.

[time, position, velocity, acceleration] = cumulativeHistory(helperPlot);
helperTrajectoryViewer(1, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Trajectory 2

The second trajectory, shown below, represents the trajectory of a small maneuverable aircraft. It consists of two turns with several changes in acceleration immediately after the first turn and during the second turn. More waypoints are needed to adjust for these changes, but the rest of the trajectory requires fewer points.

helperTrajectoryViewer(2, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Trajectory 3

The third trajectory, shown below, is representative of a higher speed aircraft. It consists of two constant turns, where the aircraft decelerates midway throughout the second turn. You can see the control points that were used to mark the changes in velocity and acceleration in the x-y plot on the left.

helperTrajectoryViewer(3, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Trajectory 4

The fourth trajectory, also representative of a higher speed aircraft, is shown below. It consists of two turns, where the aircraft accelerates and climbs to a higher altitude.

helperTrajectoryViewer(4, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Trajectory 5

The fifth trajectory is representative of a maneuverable high-speed aircraft. It consists of three constant turns; however, it accelerates considerably throughout the duration of the flight. After the third turn the aircraft ascends to a level flight.

helperTrajectoryViewer(5, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Trajectory 6

The sixth trajectory is also representative of a maneuverable high-speed aircraft. It consists of four turns. After the second turn, the aircraft decreases altitude and speed and enters the third turn. After the third turn, it accelerates rapidly and enters the fourth turn, continuing with straight and level flight.

helperTrajectoryViewer(6, time, position, velocity, acceleration, trajTable);

Summary

This example shows how to use waypointTrajectory and radarScenario objects to create a multi-object tracking scenario. In this example you learned the concepts behind the interpolant used inside waypointTrajectory and were shown how a scenario could be reproduced with a small number of waypoints.

Reference