iirlp2bp

Transform IIR lowpass filter to IIR bandpass filter

Syntax

[num,den,allpassNum,allpassDen] =
iirlp2bp(b,a,wo,wt)

Description

[num,den,allpassNum,allpassDen] = iirlp2bp(b,a,wo,wt) transforms an IIR lowpass filter to an IIR bandpass filter.

The iirlp2bp function returns the numerator and denominator coefficients of the transformed bandpass filter. The function transforms the real lowpass prototype filter, specified by the numerator coefficients b and denominator coefficients a, by applying a second-order real lowpass to real bandpass frequency mapping. For more information, see IIR Lowpass to IIR Bandpass Transformation.

The function also returns the numerator and the denominator coefficients of the allpass mapping filter, allpassNum and allpassDen respectively.

Frequencies must be normalized to be between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to half the sample rate.

example

Examples

collapse all

Transform Lowpass Filter to Bandpass Filter

Open Live Script

Transform a lowpass IIR filter to a bandpass filter using the iirlp2bp function.

Input Lowpass IIR Filter

Design a prototype real IIR lowpass elliptic filter using the ellip function. The filter has a gain of about –3 dB at 0.5π rad/sample.

[b,a] = ellip(3,0.1,30,0.409);
filterAnalyzer(b,a)

Transform Filter Using iirlp2bp

Transform the prototype lowpass filter into a bandpass filter by placing the cutoff frequencies of the prototype filter at 0.25π and 0.75π.

Specify the prototype filter as a vector of numerator and denominator coefficients, b and a respectively.

[num,den] = iirlp2bp(b,a,0.5,[0.25 0.75]);

Compare the magnitude response of the filters.

filterAnalyzer(b,a,num,den,...
    FilterNames=["PrototypeFilter_TFForm","TransformedBandpassFilter"]);

You can also specify the input lowpass IIR filter as a matrix of coefficients. Pass the second-order section matrices as inputs. The transformed filter is a fourth-order section filter given by the numerator and the denominator coefficients num2 and den2.

ss = tf2sos(b,a);
[num2,den2] = iirlp2bp(ss(:,1:3),ss(:,4:6),0.5,[0.25 0.75]);

To visualize the magnitude response of the fourth-order section filter, first pass the filter coefficients to the dsp.FourthOrderSectionFilter object. Then, use this object as an input to the filter analyzer.

fos = dsp.FourthOrderSectionFilter(Numerator=num2,...
    Denominator=den2);

Use the sos2ctf function to convert the second-order section matrices to the cascaded transfer function form.

[b_ctf,a_ctf] = sos2ctf(ss);

Compare the magnitude response of the filters.

filterAnalyzer(b_ctf,a_ctf,fos,FilterNames=["PrototypeFilterFromSOSMatrix",...
    "TransformedBandpassFilterFromSOSForm"]);

Input Arguments

collapse all

`b` — Numerator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter
row vector | matrix

Numerator coefficients of the prototype lowpass IIR filter, specified as either:

Row vector –– Specifies the values of [b₀, b₁, …, b_n], given this transfer function form:

$H (z) = \frac{B (z)}{A (z)} = \frac{b_{0} + b_{1} z^{- 1} + \dots + b_{n} z^{- n}}{a_{0} + a_{1} z^{- 1} + \dots + a_{n} z^{- n}},$
where n is the order of the filter.
Matrix –– Specifies the numerator coefficients in the form of an P-by-(Q+1) matrix, where P is the number of filter sections and Q is the order of each filter section. If Q = 2, the filter is a second-order section filter. For higher-order sections, make Q > 2.

$b = [\begin{matrix} b_{01} & b_{11} & b_{21} & ... & b_{Q 1} \\ b_{02} & b_{12} & b_{22} & ... & b_{Q 2} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ b_{0 P} & b_{1 P} & b_{2 P} & \dots & b_{Q P} \end{matrix}]$
In the transfer function form, the numerator coefficient matrix b_ik of the IIR filter can be represented using the following equation:

$H (z) = \prod_{k = 1}^{P} H_{k} (z) = \prod_{k = 1}^{P} \frac{b_{0 k} + b_{1 k} z^{- 1} + b_{2 k} z^{- 2} + \dots + b_{Q k} z^{- Q}}{a_{0 k} + a_{1 k} z^{- 1} + a_{2 k} z^{- 2} + \dots + a_{Q k} z^{- Q}},$
where,
- a –– Denominator coefficients matrix. For more information on how to specify this matrix, see a.
- k –– Row index.
- i –– Column index.
When specified in the matrix form, b and a matrices must have the same number of rows (filter sections) Q.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

`a` — Denominator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter
row vector | matrix

Denominator coefficients for a prototype lowpass IIR filter, specified as one of these options:

Row vector –– Specifies the values of [a₀, a₁, …, a_n], given this transfer function form:

$H (z) = \frac{B (z)}{A (z)} = \frac{b_{0} + b_{1} z^{- 1} + \dots + b_{n} z^{- n}}{a_{0} + a_{1} z^{- 1} + \dots + a_{n} z^{- n}},$
where n is the order of the filter.
Matrix –– Specifies the denominator coefficients in the form of an P-by-(Q+1) matrix, where P is the number of filter sections and Q is the order of each filter section. If Q = 2, the filter is a second-order section filter. For higher-order sections, make Q > 2.

$a = [\begin{matrix} a_{01} & a_{11} & a_{21} & \dots & a_{Q 1} \\ a_{02} & a_{12} & a_{22} & \dots & a_{Q 2} \\ ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋮ & ⋱ & ⋮ \\ a_{0 P} & a_{1 P} & a_{2 P} & \dots & a_{Q P} \end{matrix}]$
In the transfer function form, the denominator coefficient matrix a_ik of the IIR filter can be represented using the following equation:

$H (z) = \prod_{k = 1}^{P} H_{k} (z) = \prod_{k = 1}^{P} \frac{b_{0 k} + b_{1 k} z^{- 1} + b_{2 k} z^{- 2} + \dots + b_{Q k} z^{- Q}}{a_{0 k} + a_{1 k} z^{- 1} + a_{2 k} z^{- 2} + \dots + a_{Q k} z^{- Q}},$
where,
- b –– Numerator coefficients matrix. For more information on how to specify this matrix, see b.
- k –– Row index.
- i –– Column index.
When specified in the matrix form, a and b matrices must have the same number of rows (filter sections) P.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

`wo` — Frequency value to be transformed from prototype filter
scalar

Frequency value to transform from the prototype filter, specified as a scalar. Frequency wo must be normalized to be between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to half the sample rate.

Data Types: single | double

`wt` — Desired frequency locations in transformed target filter
two-element vector

Desired frequency locations in the transformed target filter, specified as a two-element vector. Frequencies in wt must be normalized to be between 0 and 1, with 1 corresponding to half the sample rate.

Data Types: single | double

Output Arguments

collapse all

`num` — Numerator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter
row vector | matrix

Numerator coefficients of the transformed bandpass filter, returned as one of the following:

Row vector of length 2n+1, where n is the order of the input filter. The num output is a row vector when the input coefficients b and a are row vectors.
P-by-(2Q+1) matrix, where P is the number of filter sections and Q is the order of each section of the transformed filter. The num output is a matrix when the input coefficients b and a are matrices.

Data Types: single | double
Complex Number Support: Yes

`den` — Denominator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter
row vector | matrix

Denominator coefficients of the transformed bandpass filter, returned as one of the following:

Row vector of length 2n+1, where n is the order of the input filter. The den output is a row vector when the input coefficients b and a are row vectors.
P-by-(2Q+1) matrix, where P is the number of filter sections and Q is the order of each section of the transformed filter. The den output is a matrix when the input coefficients b and a are matrices.

Data Types: single | double

`allpassNum` — Numerator coefficients of mapping filter
row vector

Numerator coefficients of the mapping filter, returned as a row vector.

Data Types: single | double

`allpassDen` — Denominator coefficients of mapping filter
row vector

Denominator coefficients of the mapping filter, returned as a row vector.

Data Types: single | double

More About

collapse all

IIR Lowpass to IIR Bandpass Transformation

IIR lowpass to IIR bandpass transformation effectively places one feature of the original filter, located at frequency −w_o, at the required target frequency location w_t1, and the second feature, originally at +w_o, at the new location w_t2. It is assumed that w_t2 is greater than w_t1. This transformation implements the “DC Mobility,” meaning that the Nyquist feature stays at Nyquist, but the DC feature moves to a location dependent on the selection of w_ts.

Relative positions of other features of the original filter do not change in the target filter. This means that it is possible to select two features of an original filter, F₁ and F₂, with F₁ preceding F₂. Feature F₁ will still precede F₂ after the transformation. However, the distance between F₁ and F₂ will not be the same before and after the transformation.

Choice of the feature subject to the lowpass to bandpass transformation is not restricted only to the cutoff frequency of an original lowpass filter. You can choose to transform any feature of the original filter like stopband edge, DC, deep minimum in the stopband, or others.

Real lowpass to bandpass transformation can also be used to transform other types of filters, for example, real notch filters or resonators can be doubled and positioned at two distinct desired frequencies.

References

[1] Nowrouzian, B., and A.G. Constantinides. “Prototype Reference Transfer Function Parameters in the Discrete-Time Frequency Transformations.” In Proceedings of the 33rd Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 1078–82. Calgary, Alta., Canada: IEEE, 1991. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.1990.140912.

[2] Nowrouzian, B., and L.T. Bruton. “Closed-Form Solutions for Discrete-Time Elliptic Transfer Functions.” In [1992] Proceedings of the 35th Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, 784–87. Washington, DC, USA: IEEE, 1992. https://doi.org/10.1109/MWSCAS.1992.271206.

[3] Constantinides, A.G. “Design of Bandpass Digital Filters.” Proceedings of the IEEE 57, no. 6 (1969): 1229–31. https://doi.org/10.1109/PROC.1969.7216.

[4] Constantinides, A.G.“Spectral transformations for digital filters.” Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 117, no. 8: 1585-1590. August 1970.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2011a

iirlp2bp

Syntax

Description

Examples

Transform Lowpass Filter to Bandpass Filter

Input Arguments

b — Numerator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter row vector | matrix

a — Denominator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter row vector | matrix

wo — Frequency value to be transformed from prototype filter scalar

wt — Desired frequency locations in transformed target filter two-element vector

Output Arguments

num — Numerator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter row vector | matrix

den — Denominator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter row vector | matrix

allpassNum — Numerator coefficients of mapping filter row vector

allpassDen — Denominator coefficients of mapping filter row vector

More About

IIR Lowpass to IIR Bandpass Transformation

References

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

See Also

Functions

`b` — Numerator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter
row vector | matrix

`a` — Denominator coefficients of prototype lowpass IIR filter
row vector | matrix

`wo` — Frequency value to be transformed from prototype filter
scalar

`wt` — Desired frequency locations in transformed target filter
two-element vector

`num` — Numerator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter
row vector | matrix

`den` — Denominator coefficients of transformed bandpass filter
row vector | matrix

`allpassNum` — Numerator coefficients of mapping filter
row vector

`allpassDen` — Denominator coefficients of mapping filter
row vector

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.