You find all the axes objects but do nothing with them...
I guess you want:
rcFiles = dir('*.jpg'); % the folder in which ur images exists
for i = 1 : length(srcFiles)
filename = srcFiles(i).name;
I = imread(filename);
% Build the handles variable for the axes name dynamically
axesName = sprintf('axes%d',i));
%Get the handle to the axes
ax = handles.(axesname)
% Explicitly tell imshow which axes to plot it.
imshow(I, 'Parent', ax);
end