automating electronic circuit board components detection/location/classification is a dodgy task for the following reasons.
1.- big resistors, big capacitors .. the bit chip, just one big chip .. all this is relatively simple, provided you have enough light on the board, that it's obvious by the photo you have attached to the question that you don't have (enough light on the board i mean)
2.- you need colour and resolution
3.- The only way to id SMD components is measuring them with jigs, or manually. Visual on SMD resistor 1k2 or SMD resistor 5k6 is the same, yet you need to measure. Factories have expensive jigs many needles that measure single components. Same applies to arrayed capacitors/resistors inside chips.
3.- Bear in mind that some manufacturers literally delete chip codes, or stick labels on them. So you have spotted the micro-controller, yet do you know the exact version? part number? variant? again it's faster to have the right tools, plug, and ask (the micro, to id)
Having said all this, your rookie reverse engineering effort is laudable, who wouldn't like to have a program that spots all the components on a board? factories have similar systems, to place components on the right board coordinates.
What you can do, is to build a list of component images, and tell y our application to spot them on the board one by one, which means you need to know the BOM (Bill of Materials) in advance, and take a photo of each component, and hope the components will not have things like radiators, labels, glue .. on them.
Good luck
John
