Not that I know of, if the only information you have is the image itself. Are you aware that imresize() has several options? For example, the 'nearest' option will create less blurring when increasing the pixel dimensions (rows and columns) if your image is known to have sharp edges, for example computer graphics.
Of course if you have additional information such as several images, taken with fractional pixel shifts between them, then you can use superresolution methods to give a better output image than using just a single pixel alone.
