Difference b/w periodogram and square of FT of signal method to calculate the PSD
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I want to understand the difference between the following two methods to calculate the PSD:
1. Using periodogram; First finding auto correlation of a sequence and then taking FT of the auto correlation.
2. Calculating the Fourier Transform of a signal directly and then squaring it to get the power corresponding to the frequency bins.
Why go in for method (1) which involves auto-correlation and then the Fourier Transform when method (2) ought to give the same result with the need for auto-correlation.
My take on the question: Calculating auto-correlation brings out the global frequency variations of the signal so the PSD here would give a pronounced peak(s) for global variations whereas the square of FT of signal method does not do this.
However, in the event that what I said is true, then the 2 methods do not provide the exact same info and in that case both of them should not be called PSD of the signal.
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christopher pike
2020-9-27
Rohan, did you ever get an answer to your question? I am struggling with the same question now.
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Wayne King
2012-12-7
The PSD is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation. But right out of the box, you can only estimate the autocorrelation sequence.
If you use the biased estimate of the autocorrelation, you can easily show that is proportional to the squared-magnitude of the DFT of the original sequence. You can see that basic equivalence here.
Fs = 1000;
t = 0:0.001:1-0.001;
x = cos(2*pi*100*t)+randn(size(t));
xc = xcorr(x,'biased');
xcft = fft(xc);
xdft = fft(x);
pxx = 1/length(x).*abs(xdft).^2;
subplot(211)
plot(abs(xcft))
subplot(212)
plot(pxx)
There are some caveats. For example, you notice that I had to use the absolute value of the autocorrelation. I should not have had to do that because the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation should be real-valued. But I can't trick MATLAB into knowing that I'm giving it an even sequence (symmetric with respect to 0 lag).
I think you're not correct to say that they do not provide the same information, they are in fact mathematically equivalent -- the periodogram and the Fourier transform of the biased autocorrelation sequence estimate. But you have to keep in mind the difference between what you can write down on paper and how to have to implement it in a computational tool like MATLAB, R, Python, etc.
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Wayne King
2012-12-7
编辑:Wayne King
2012-12-7
The periodogram is proportional to the magnitude-squared DFT. The scaling factors that make it not equal to the magnitude-squared DFT are precisely the factors that come from the derivation of the periodogram from the biased autocorrelation sequence and therefore are exactly what is needed to make the periodogram a PSD estimate.
The reason for using a modified periodogram (with a single window) is to mitigate a known problem called leakage that comes from the use of a rectangular window.
The Welch overlapped segment averaging method, which is very different from a modified periodogram, is to combat another (different) known problem with the periodogram and that is that the periodogram is not a consistent estimate of the true PSD. The variance of the periodogram does not go to zero even in the limit of an infinite sample size.
It should be noted that computer implementations of the autocorrelation sequence estimate like xcorr() typically use fft() under the hood, so my example above was in some sense "not fair", but the result would be the same if even if you wrote a routine that computed the autocorrelation sequence wholly in the time domain.
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Rohan
2012-12-7
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Teja Muppirala
2012-12-11
The DFT of the auto-co-realated signal is carried out in the periodogram.
This is not true. As Wayne said, the periodogram is NOT calculated using the autocorrelation (although it theoretically could be, since it contains the same spectral information as the original finite signal).
If you open up the PERIODOGRAM function in the editor and debug your way through it, you will see that nowhere does it calculate the autocorrelation first. In fact if you don't pass any special options, it simply just takes an FFT, squares the magnitude, folds it in half to collapse +/- frequencies, and then scales it appropriately.
After all, the periodogram is defined as the DFT of the autocorelation sequence.
I don't know if it's proper to say that that is the definition, but rather, that it is one interpretation or equivalent formulation for a means to estimate the power spectral density.
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