Ebook

Chapter 5

AI to Scale and Improve Access to Healthcare Services


In developing countries, inequities between urban and rural health services is a serious problem. A shortage of qualified healthcare providers is a major cause of the unavailability and low quality of healthcare in rural areas. Some studies have shown that the application of computer-assisted or AI-based medical techniques could improve healthcare outcomes in rural areas and in developing countries.

Challenge

Pneumonia is the number one infectious cause of death for children under age five worldwide. According to UNICEF, pneumonia claimed the lives of more than 880,000 children in 2016—most of whom were less than two years old. Treatment for pneumonia is not the primary issue as readily available antibiotics are highly successful. Misdiagnosis is the main challenge, especially in the areas where access to healthcare is very limited.

Solutions

Brian Turyabagye and two colleagues from Makerere University in Kampala, Olivia Koburongo and Besufekad Shifferaw, founded Mama-Ope in 2016 to develop an AI-based approach for diagnosing pneumonia in children.

  • They designed a wearable medical device: a smart jacket that has five microphones effectively working as wearable stethoscopes to measure lung sounds from multiple locations on a child’s torso.
  • The Mama-Ope team programmed a signal processing algorithm to provide the best diagnostic insight available from the audio recordings. The goal: Determine when the distinctive crackle sound of pneumonia was recorded. Heuristically, the distinctive lung sounds include wheezing and crackling.
  • The team and an expert from MathWorks explored the signals in MATLAB using signal processing and wavelet techniques. They found distinctive features that were present throughout the signal.
  • They isolated these distinctive features to train a machine learning algorithm in MATLAB that can predict the cases where pneumonia is present.
A man fits a child with a vest designed to record lung sounds.

An AI-based approach to diagnosing pneumonia in children. (Image credit: RAEng/Brett Eloff)

Video length is 0:11

Here is what pneumonia sounds like. (Audio Source: thesimtech.com)

Results

The jacket is designed to be used at remote clinics and schools. Even locations without medical personnel or a computer can use the jacket for a speedy diagnosis. The jacket connects to a mobile phone app via Bluetooth® and records and analyzes the collected data. It then sends the results to a health care professional who can make an informed diagnosis without requiring an in-person examination of the child. UNICEF has already expressed interest in helping Mama-Ope bring its technology to schools, hospitals, and clinics in the hard-hit pneumonia areas of sub-Saharan Africa such as Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Nigeria.