findstates

Estimate initial states of model

Syntax

x0 = findstates(sys,data)

x0 = findstates(sys,data,Horizon)

x0 = findstates(sys,data,Horizon,Options)

[x0,Report]=
findstates(___)

Description

x0 = findstates(sys,data) estimates the initial states x0 of an identified model sys to maximize the fit between the model response and the output signal in the estimation data data. data can be a timetable, a comma-separated input/output matrix pair, or a time-domain or frequency-domain iddata object.

For timetables and data objects, findstates matches the input/output channels based on the channel names in sys and ignores nonmatching channels.

example

x0 = findstates(sys,data,Horizon) specifies the prediction horizon for computing the response of sys.

example

x0 = findstates(sys,data,Horizon,Options) specifies additional options for computation of x0.

example

[x0,Report]= findstates(___) delivers a report on the initial state estimation. Report is returned with any of the previous syntaxes.

example

Examples

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Estimate Initial States of a Model

Open Live Script

Create a nonlinear grey-box model. The model is a linear DC motor with one input (voltage), and two outputs (angular position and angular velocity). The structure of the model is specified by dcmotor_m.m file.

FileName = 'dcmotor_m'; 
Order = [2 1 2];
Parameters = [0.24365;0.24964];  
nlgr = idnlgrey(FileName,Order,Parameters);  
nlgr = setinit(nlgr, 'Fixed', false(2,1)); % set initial states free

Load data for initial state estimation.

load dcmotordata 
z = iddata(y,u,0.1);

Estimate the initial states such that the model's response using the estimated states X0 and measured input u is as close as possible to the measured output y.

X0 = findstates(nlgr,z,Inf);

Estimate Initial States of State-Space Model

Open Live Script

Estimate an idss model and simulate it such that the response of the estimated model matches the estimation data's output signal as closely as possible.

Load sample data.

load iddata1 z1;

Estimate a linear model from the data.

model = ssest(z1,2);

Estimate the value of the initial states to best fit the measured output z1.y.

x0est = findstates(model,z1,Inf);

Simulate the model.

opt = simOptions('InitialCondition',x0est);
sim(model,z1(:,[],:),opt);

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title y1 contains an object of type line. This object represents model.

Selectively Estimate Initial States of a Model

Open Live Script

Estimate the initial states of a model selectively by fixing the first state and allowing the second state of the model to be estimated.

Create a nonlinear grey-box model.

FileName = 'dcmotor_m'; 
Order = [2 1 2];
Parameters = [0.24365;0.24964];  
nlgr = idnlgrey(FileName,Order,Parameters);

The model is a linear DC motor with one input (voltage), and two outputs (angular position and angular velocity). The structure of the model is specified by dcmotor_m.m file.

Load the estimation data.

load dcmotordata
z = iddata(y,u,0.1);

Hold the first state fixed at zero, and estimate the value of the second.

x0spec = idpar('x0',[0;0]);
x0spec.Free(1) = false;
opt = findstatesOptions;
opt.InitialState = x0spec;
[X0,Report] = findstates(nlgr,z,Inf,opt)

Report = 
         Status: 'Estimated by simulation error minimization'
         Method: 'lsqnonlin'
     Covariance: [2x2 double]
       DataUsed: [1x1 struct]
    Termination: [1x1 struct]

Estimate Initial States by Specifying an Initial State Vector

Open Live Script

Create a nonlinear grey-box model.

FileName = 'dcmotor_m'; 
Order = [2 1 2];
Parameters = [0.24365;0.24964];  
nlgr = idnlgrey(FileName,Order,Parameters);

The model is a linear DC motor with one input (voltage), and two outputs (angular position and angular velocity). The structure of the model is specified by dcmotor_m.m file.

Load the estimation data.

load dcmotordata
z = iddata(y,u,0.1);

Specify an initial guess for the initial states.

x0spec = idpar('x0',[10;10]);

x0spec.Free is true by default

Estimate the initial states

opt = findstatesOptions;
opt.InitialState = x0spec;
x0 = findstates(nlgr,z,Inf,opt)

Estimate Initial States Using Multi-Experiment Data

Open Live Script

Create a nonlinear grey-box model.

FileName = 'dcmotor_m'; 
Order = [2 1 2];
Parameters = [0.24365;0.24964];  
nlgr = idnlgrey(FileName,Order,Parameters);  
set(nlgr, 'InputName','Voltage','OutputName', ...
		{'Angular position','Angular velocity'});

The model is a linear DC motor with one input (voltage), and two outputs (angular position and angular velocity). The structure of the model is specified by dcmotor_m.m file.

Load the estimation data.

load dcmotordata
z = iddata(y,u,0.1,'Name','DC-motor',...
     'InputName','Voltage','OutputName',...
     {'Angular position','Angular velocity'});

Create a three-experiment data set.

z3 = merge(z,z,z);

Choose experiment for estimating the initial states:

Estimate initial state 1 for experiments 1 and 3
Estimate initial state 2 for experiment 1

The fixed initial states have zero values.

x0spec = idpar('x0',zeros(2,3));
x0spec.Free(1,2) = false;
x0spec.Free(2,[2 3]) = false;
opt = findstatesOptions;
opt.InitialState = x0spec;

Estimate the initial states.

[X0,EstInfo] = findstates(nlgr,z3,Inf,opt);

Input Arguments

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`sys` — Identified model
`idss` object | `idgrey` object | `idnlarx` object | `idnlhw` object | `idnlgrey` object

Identified model whose initial states are estimated, represented as a linear state-space (idss or idgrey) or nonlinear model (idnlarx, idnlhw, or idnlgrey).

`data` — Estimation data
timetable | matrices | cell array | `iddata object`

Estimation data, specified as a uniformly sampled timetable, pair of input/output matrices, cell array, or iddata data object. The input/output dimensions of data must match sys. The specification for data depends on the data type.

Timetable

For SISO, MISO, and MIMO systems, specify data as a timetable that uses a regularly spaced time vector. For the timetable data type, data contains variables representing the input and output channels.

data must have the same variable names as the original data from which each model sys was estimated. The model properties include the names of the input and output variables. You therefore do not need to explicitly specify which channels to use in the timetable.

For multiexperiment data, specify data as a 1-by-Ne cell array, where Ne is the number of experiments. The sample times of all the experiments must match.

Matrices

For SISO, MISO, and MIMO systems, specify data as a pair of matrices with dimensions Ns-by-Nu for the input matrix and Ns-by-Ny for the output matrix. The software uses the sample period in the Ts property of sys.

For multiexperiment data, specify data as a pair of 1-by-Ne cell arrays, where Ne is the number of experiments. The sample times of all the experiments must match the sample time of sys.

`iddata` Object

For all model types, data can be a time-domain iddata object.

If sys is a linear model, data can also be a frequency-domain iddata object. For easier interpretation of initial conditions, make the frequency vector of data be symmetric about the origin. For converting time-domain data into frequency-domain data, use fft with the 'compl' input argument, and ensure that there is sufficient zero padding. Scale your data appropriately when you compare x0 between the time-domain and frequency-domain. Since for an N-point FFT, the input/output signals are scaled by 1/sqrt(N), the estimated x0 vector is also scaled by this factor.

For more information about working with estimation data types, see Data Domains and Data Types in System Identification Toolbox.

`Horizon` — Prediction horizon for computing model response
`1` (default) | positive integer between `1` and `Inf`

Prediction horizon for computing the response of sys, specified as a positive integer between 1 and Inf. The most common values used are:

Horizon = 1 — Minimizes the 1-step prediction error. The 1–step ahead prediction response of sys is compared to the output signals in data to determine x0. See predict for more information.
Horizon = Inf — Minimizes the simulation error. The difference between measured output, data.y, and simulated response of sys to the measured input data, data.u is minimized. See sim for more information.

Specify Horizon as any positive integer between 1 and Inf, with the following restrictions:

Scenario	`Horizon`
Continuous-time model with time-domain data	`1` or `Inf`
Continuous-time frequency-domain data (`data.Ts` = 0)	`Inf`
Output Error models (trivial noise component): Nonlinear grey-box (`idnlgrey`) Hammerstein-Wiener (`idnlhw`) Linear state-space with disturbance matrix, `K` = `0`	Irrelevant Any value of `Horizon` returns the same answer for `x0`
Nonlinear ARX (`idnlarx`)	`1` or `Inf`

`Options` — Estimation options for `findstates`
`findstates` Option set

Estimation options for findstates, specified as an option set created using findstatesOptions

Output Arguments

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`x0` — Estimated initial states
vector | matrix

Estimated initial states of model sys, returned as a vector or matrix. For multi-experiment data, x0 is a matrix with one column for each experiment.

`Report` — Initial state estimation information
structure

Initial state estimation information, returned as a structure. Report contains information about the data used, state covariance, and results of any numerical optimization performed to search for the initial states. Report has the following fields:

Report Field Description

Status

Summary of how the initial state were estimated.

Method

Search method used.

Covariance

Covariance of state estimates, returned as a Ns-by-Ns matrix, where Ns is the number of states.

DataUsed

Attributes of the data used for estimation, returned as a structure with the following fields.

Name — Name of the data set
Type — Data type
Length — Number of data samples
Ts — Sample time
InterSample — Input intersample behavior, returned as one of the following values:
- 'zoh' — A zero-order hold maintains a piecewise-constant input signal between samples.
- 'foh' — A first-order hold maintains a piecewise-linear input signal between samples.
- 'bl' — Band-limited behavior specifies that the continuous-time input signal has zero power above the Nyquist frequency.
InputOffset — Offset removed from time-domain input data during estimation. For nonlinear models, it is [].
OutputOffset — Offset removed from time-domain output data during estimation. For nonlinear models, it is [].

Termination

Termination conditions for the iterative search used for initial state estimation of nonlinear models. Structure with the following fields:

Field	Description
`WhyStop`	Reason for terminating the numerical search.
`Iterations`	Number of search iterations performed by the estimation algorithm.
`FirstOrderOptimality`	$\infty$ -norm of the gradient search vector when the search algorithm terminates.
`FcnCount`	Number of times the objective function was called.
`UpdateNorm`	Norm of the gradient search vector in the last iteration. Omitted when the search method is `'lsqnonlin'` or `'fmincon'`.
`LastImprovement`	Criterion improvement in the last iteration, expressed as a percentage. Omitted when the search method is `'lsqnonlin'` or `'fmincon'`.
`Algorithm`	Algorithm used by `'lsqnonlin'` or `'fmincon'` search method. Omitted when other search methods are used.

Termination is empty for linear models.

Version History

Introduced in R2015a

expand all

R2022b: Time-domain estimation data is accepted in the form of timetables and matrices

Most estimation, validation, analysis, and utility functions now accept time-domain input/output data in the form of a single timetable that contains both input and output data or a pair of matrices that contain the input and output data separately. These functions continue to accept iddata objects as a data source as well, for both time-domain and frequency-domain data.

R2018a: Advanced Options are deprecated for `SearchOptions` when `SearchMethod` is `'lsqnonlin'`

Specification of lsqnonlin- related advanced options are deprecated, including the option to invoke parallel processing when estimating using the lsqnonlin search method, or solver, in Optimization Toolbox™.

findstates

Syntax

Description

Examples

Estimate Initial States of a Model

Estimate Initial States of State-Space Model

Selectively Estimate Initial States of a Model

Estimate Initial States by Specifying an Initial State Vector

Estimate Initial States Using Multi-Experiment Data

Input Arguments

sys — Identified model idss object | idgrey object | idnlarx object | idnlhw object | idnlgrey object

data — Estimation data timetable | matrices | cell array | iddata object

Timetable

Matrices

iddata Object

Horizon — Prediction horizon for computing model response 1 (default) | positive integer between 1 and Inf

Options — Estimation options for findstates findstates Option set

Output Arguments

x0 — Estimated initial states vector | matrix

Report — Initial state estimation information structure

Version History

R2022b: Time-domain estimation data is accepted in the form of timetables and matrices

R2018a: Advanced Options are deprecated for SearchOptions when SearchMethod is 'lsqnonlin'

See Also

`sys` — Identified model
`idss` object | `idgrey` object | `idnlarx` object | `idnlhw` object | `idnlgrey` object

`data` — Estimation data
timetable | matrices | cell array | `iddata object`

`iddata` Object

`Horizon` — Prediction horizon for computing model response
`1` (default) | positive integer between `1` and `Inf`

`Options` — Estimation options for `findstates`
`findstates` Option set

`x0` — Estimated initial states
vector | matrix

`Report` — Initial state estimation information
structure

R2018a: Advanced Options are deprecated for `SearchOptions` when `SearchMethod` is `'lsqnonlin'`