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radareqpow

Peak power estimate from radar equation

Since R2021a

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Syntax

Pt = radareqpow(lambda,tgtrng,SNR,tau)
Pt = radareqpow(lambda,tgtrng,SNR,tau,Name,Value)

Description

Pt = radareqpow(lambda,tgtrng,SNR,tau) estimates the peak transmit power, Pt, required for a radar operating at a wavelength of lambda meters to achieve the specified signal-to-noise ratio, SNR, in decibels for a target at a range of tgtrng meters. tau is the pulse width. The target has a nonfluctuating radar cross section (RCS) of 1 square meter.

example

Pt = radareqpow(lambda,tgtrng,SNR,tau,Name,Value) estimates the required peak transmit power with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value pair arguments.

example

Examples

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Open Live Script

Estimate the required peak transmit power required to achieve a minimum SNR of 6 dB for a target at a range of 50 km. The target has a nonfluctuating RCS of 1 m². The radar operating frequency is 1 GHz. The pulse duration is 1 μs.

fc = 1.0e9;
lambda = physconst('LightSpeed')/fc;
tgtrng = 50e3;
tau = 1e-6;
SNR = 6;
Pt = radareqpow(lambda,tgtrng,SNR,tau)
Pt = 
2.1996e+05
Open Live Script

Estimate the required peak transmit power required to achieve a minimum SNR of 10 dB for a target with an RCS of 0.5 m² at a range of 50 km. The radar operating frequency is 10 GHz. The pulse duration is 1 μs. Assume a transmit and receive gain of 30 dB and an overall loss factor of 3 dB. The system temperature is 300 K.

fc = 10.0e9;
lambda = physconst('LightSpeed')/fc;
Pt = radareqpow(lambda,50e3,10,1e-6,'RCS',0.5, ...
    'Gain',30,'Ts',300,'Loss',3)
Pt = 
2.2809e+06
Open Live Script

Estimate the required peak transmit power for a bistatic radar to achieve a minimum SNR of 6 dB for a target with an RCS of 1 m². The target is 50 km from the transmitter and 75 km from the receiver. The radar operating frequency is 10 GHz and the pulse duration is 10 μs. The transmitter and receiver gains are 40 dB and 20 dB, respectively.

fc = 10.0e9;
lambda = physconst('LightSpeed')/fc;
SNR = 6;
tau = 10e-6;
TxRng = 50e3;
RvRng = 75e3;
TxRvRng =[TxRng RvRng];
TxGain = 40;
RvGain = 20;
Gain = [TxGain RvGain];
Pt = radareqpow(lambda,TxRvRng,SNR,tau,'Gain',Gain)
Pt = 
4.9492e+04

Input Arguments

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Wavelength of radar operating frequency, specified as a positive scalar. The wavelength is the ratio of the wave propagation speed to frequency. Units are in meters. For electromagnetic waves, the speed of propagation is the speed of light. Denoting the speed of light by c and the frequency (in hertz) of the wave by f, the equation for wavelength is:

λ=cf

Data Types: double

Target ranges for a monostatic or bistatic radar.

  • Monostatic radar - the transmitter and receiver are co-located. tgtrng is a real-valued positive scalar or length-J real-valued positive column vector. J is the number of targets.

  • Bistatic radar - the transmitter and receiver are separated. tgtrng is a 1-by-2 row vector with real-valued positive elements or a J-by-2 matrix with real-valued positive elements. J is the number of targets. Each row of tgtrng has the form [TxRng RxRng], where TxRng is the range from the transmitter to the target and RxRng is the range from the receiver to the target.

Units are in meters.

Data Types: double

Input signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the receiver, specified as a scalar or length-J real-valued vector. J is the number of targets. Units are in dB.

Data Types: double

Single pulse duration, specified as a positive scalar. Units are in seconds.

Data Types: double

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: 'RCS',3.0

Radar cross section specified as a positive scalar or length-J vector of positive values. J is the number of targets. The target RCS is nonfluctuating (Swerling case 0). Units are in square meters.

Data Types: double

System noise temperature, specified as a positive scalar. The system noise temperature is the product of the system temperature and the noise figure. Units are in Kelvin.

Data Types: double

Transmitter and receiver gains, specified as a scalar or real-valued 1-by-2 row vector. When the transmitter and receiver are co-located (monostatic radar), Gain is a real-valued scalar. Then, the transmit and receive gains are equal. When the transmitter and receiver are not co-located (bistatic radar), Gain is a 1-by-2 row vector with real-valued elements. If Gain is a two-element row vector it has the form [TxGain RxGain] representing the transmit antenna and receive antenna gains. Units are in dB.

Example: [15,10]

Data Types: double

System losses, specified as a scalar. Units are in dB.

Example: 1

Data Types: double

Atmospheric absorption losses for the transmit and receive paths.

  • When the absorption is a scalar or length-J column vector, the loss specifies the atmospheric absorption loss for a one-way path.

  • When the absorption is a 1-by-2 row vector or J-by-2 column vector, the first column specifies the atmospheric absorption loss for the transmit path and the second column of contains the atmospheric absorption loss for the receive path

Example: [10,20]

Data Types: double

Propagation factor for the transmit and receive paths.

  • When the propagation factor is a scalar or length-J column vector, the propagation factor is specified for a one-way path.

  • When the propagation factor is a 1-by-2 row vector or J-by-2 column vector, the first column specifies the propagation factor for the transmit path and the second column of contains the propagation factor for the receive path

Units are in dB.

Example: [10,20]

Data Types: double

Custom loss factors specified as a scalar or length-J column vector of real values. J is the number of targets. These factors contribute to the reduction of the received signal energy and can include range-dependent Sensitive Time Control (STC), eclipsing, and beam-dwell factors. Units are in dB.

Example: [10,20]

Data Types: double

Output Arguments

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Transmitter peak power, returned as positive scalar. Units are in watts.

More About

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Point Target Radar Range Equation

The point target radar range equation estimates the power at the input to the receiver for a target of a given radar cross section at a specified range. The model is deterministic and assumes isotropic radiators. The equation for the power at the input to the receiver is

Pr=PtGtGrλ2σ(4π)3Rt2Rr2L,

where the terms in the equation are:

  • Pt — Peak transmit power in watts

  • Gt — Transmit antenna gain

  • Gr — Receive antenna gain. If the radar is monostatic, the transmit and receive antenna gains are identical.

  • λ — Radar wavelength in meters

  • σ — Target's nonfluctuating radar cross section in square meters

  • L — General loss factor in decibels that accounts for both system and propagation loss

  • Rt — Range from the transmitter to the target

  • Rr — Range from the receiver to the target. If the radar is monostatic, the transmitter and receiver ranges are identical.

Terms expressed in decibels, such as the loss and gain factors, enter the equation in the form 10x/10 where x denotes the variable. For example, the default loss factor of 0 dB results in a loss term of 100/10=1.

Receiver Output Noise Power

The equation for the power at the input to the receiver represents the signal term in the signal-to-noise ratio. To model the noise term, assume the thermal noise in the receiver has a white noise power spectral density (PSD) given by:

P(f)=kT,

where k is the Boltzmann constant and T is the effective noise temperature. The receiver acts as a filter to shape the white noise PSD. Assume that the magnitude squared receiver frequency response approximates a rectangular filter with bandwidth equal to the reciprocal of the pulse duration, 1/τ. The total noise power at the output of the receiver is:

N=kTFnτ,

where Fn is the receiver noise factor.

The product of the effective noise temperature and the receiver noise factor is referred to as the system temperature. This value is denoted by Ts, so that Ts=TFn .

Receiver Output SNR

Define the output SNR. The receiver output SNR is:

PrN=Ptτ​ GtGrλ2σ(4π)3kTsRt2Rr2L.

You can derive this expression using the following equations:

Theoretical Maximum Detectable Range

Compute the maximum detectable range of a target.

For monostatic radars, the range from the target to the transmitter and receiver is identical. Denoting this range by R, you can express this relationship as R4=Rt2Rr2.

Solving for R

R=(NPtτGtGrλ2σPr(4π)3kTsL)1/4

For bistatic radars, the theoretical maximum detectable range is the geometric mean of the ranges from the target to the transmitter and receiver:

RtRr=(NPtτGtGrλ2σPr(4π)3kTsL)1/4

References

[1] Richards, M. A. Fundamentals of Radar Signal Processing. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2005.

[2] Skolnik, M. Introduction to Radar Systems. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1980.

[3] Willis, N. J. Bistatic Radar. Raleigh, NC: SciTech Publishing, 2005.

Extended Capabilities

Version History

Introduced in R2021a

See Also

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