serdes.Stimulus

Set a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) pattern and number of symbols to simulate in SerDes model

Since R2021b

Description

The serdes.Stimulus System object™ defines how to create the waveform and the number of symbols to simulate in a SerDes Toolbox™ model. You can directly specify a PAMn symbol pattern or define a binary to PAMn mapping scheme.

To create a multi-level pseudorandom binary sequence or custom data pattern:

Create the serdes.Stimulus object and set its properties.
Call the object with arguments, as if it were a function.

To learn more about how System objects work, see What Are System Objects?

Creation

Syntax

stimulus = serdes.Stimulus

stimulus = serdes.Stimulus(Name=Value)

Description

stimulus = serdes.Stimulus returns a Stimulus object that outputs multi-level pseudorandom binary sequence or custom data pattern.

example

stimulus = serdes.Stimulus(Name=Value) sets properties using one or more name-value arguments. Unspecified properties have default values.

Example: stimulus = serdes.Stimulus(Modulation=4,Delay=10e-12) returns a Stimulus object that uses a four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM4) modulation scheme and has a delay of 10e-12 seconds.

Properties

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Unless otherwise indicated, properties are nontunable, which means you cannot change their values after calling the object. Objects lock when you call them, and the release function unlocks them.

If a property is tunable, you can change its value at any time.

For more information on changing property values, see System Design in MATLAB Using System Objects.

Main

`Specification` — Waveform creation method
`'Random Symbols'` (default) | `'Symbol Pattern'` | `'Serial PRBS'` | `'Binary Pattern'` | `'Symbol Voltage Pattern'` | `'Sampled Voltage'` | `'Parallel PRBS'` | `'PRBS'` | `'PAMn'` | `'Data Pattern'`

Waveform creation method, specified as one of these values.

'Random Symbols' — Randomly generate symbols directly from a uniform distribution.
'Symbol Pattern' — Directly define the symbol pattern as an integer from 0 to (Number of modulation levels – 1).
'Serial PRBS' — Define a binary sequence and map to a higher order modulation symbol. The mapping sequence depends on the modulation scheme defined in the Configuration block.
'Binary Pattern' — Directly define the binary pattern and map to a higher order modulation symbol. The mapping sequence depends on the modulation scheme defined in the Configuration block.
'Symbol Voltage Pattern' — Directly define the voltages of a symbol spaced pattern.
'Sampled Voltage' — Directly define a sample interval spaced waveform.
'Parallel PRBS' — Utilize multiple PRBS streams to form PAM4, PAM8 , PAM16, and PAM32 symbols. You can define up to 5 PRBS streams for PAM32. NRZ modulation scheme uses a single PRBS stream. Other modulation schemes use the random symbols waveform creation method.
'PRBS' — Generate a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) based on the Seed. Same as 'Parallel PRBS'.
'PAMn' — Generate a pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) signal based on the PAMn Seed. Same as 'Random Symbols'.
'Data Pattern' — Specify a data pattern to modulate. Same as 'Sampled Voltage'.

Note

'PRBS'. 'PAMn', and 'Data Pattern' options are being deprecated. Use 'Parallel PRBS',

'Random Symbols', and 'Sampled Voltage' instead, respectively.

Tunable: No

Data Types: char

`Modulation` — Number of logic levels in signaling scheme
`2` (default) | integer in the range of `[2,32]`

Modulation value that specifies the modulation scheme, the number of logic levels in the encoded signal, specified as an integer in the range of [2,32].

Note

According to IBIS BIRD (Buffer Issue Resolution Document) 213, IBIS-AMI models support any level of signaling from PAM2 (NRZ) to upwards, collectively known as PAMn. If your EDA tool supports it, you can export IBIS-AMI models supporting modulation schemes NRZ, PAM3, PAM4, PAM8, PAM16, or PAM32.

Note

This property is not enabled if Specification is set to 'Symbol Voltage Pattern', 'Sampled Voltage', or

'Data Pattern'.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`Delay` — Delay offset for stimulus waveform
`0` (default) | nonnegative real scalar

Delay the stimulus waveform by modulo symbol time to slightly shift the eye diagram or recovered clock phase.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`Order` — PRBS order
`7` (default) | numeric scalar | numeric vector

PRBS order, specified as a numeric scalar or a numeric vector of positive integers less than 100. Specify Order as a numeric vector when the value of Modulation is greater than 2. For higher order modulation, the first Order entry defines a PRBS stream for the least significant bit (LSB) and the last Order entry defines a PRBS stream for the most significant bit (MSB).

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: double

`Seed` — PRBS seed
`{[0 1 0 1 0 1 0]}` (default) | cell array of binary vectors

PRBS seed, specified as a cell array of cell array of binary vectors. The length of each binary vector is the same length as the corresponding Order.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: cell

`MapToVoltage` — PRBS mapping from binary stream(s) to voltages
`[-0.5 0.5]` (default) | numeric real vector

Map the binary data stream(s) to symbol voltages, specified as a vector. The length of MapToVoltage needs to be the same as the number of logic levels defined by the Modulation property. The LSB PRBS stream, p1, and the MSB PRBS stream, pn, index MapToVoltage as follows: Index = p1 + 2^1*p2 + 2^2*p3 + ... + 2^(n-1)*pn.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Random Symbols', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: double

`DataPattern` — Custom data pattern of symbol time spaced voltages
`[-0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000]` (default) | numeric vector

Data pattern of symbol voltages spaced at symbol time interval, specified as a numeric vector. This property is continually cycled through.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Symbol Voltage Pattern'.

Data Types: double

`SymbolPattern` — Custom pattern of symbol voltages spaced at symbol time interval
`[0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0]` (default) | numeric vector

Custom pattern of symbol voltages spaced at symbol time interval, specified as a numeric vector of zero based indices in the range of [0, Number of modulation levels -1].

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Symbol Pattern'.

Data Types: double

`BinaryPattern` — Custom pattern of 1s and 0s spaced at symbol interval
`[0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0]` (default) | numeric vector

Custom pattern of 1s and 0s spaced at the symbol interval, specified as a numeric or logical vector.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Binary Pattern'.

Data Types: double

`SampledVoltage` — Custom voltage pattern of sample interval spaced voltages
`[0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000]` (default) | numeric vector | logical vector

Custom voltage pattern of sample interval spaced voltages, specified as a numeric vector.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Sampled Voltage'.

Data Types: double

`PAMnSeed` — Seed for the PAMn pattern generator
`1.4317e+09` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Seed for the PAMn pattern generator, specified as a nonnegative number between 2 and 2^31 - 1.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Random Symbols'.

Data Types: double

Jitter

`Dj` — Deterministic jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Deterministic jitter, or uncorrelated bounded uniform jitter, specified as a nonnegative number. The value of Dj indicates half of the peak to peak variation of the deterministic jitter.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`DjUnit` — Deterministic jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

Deterministic jitter unit, specified as 'Seconds' for seconds or 'UI' for unit interval.

Tunable: No

Data Types: char

`Rj` — Random jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Random jitter, specified as a nonnegative number. Random jitter is defined as the standard deviation of the white Gaussian Phase noise process.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`RjUnit` — Random jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

Random jitter unit, specified as 'Seconds' for seconds or 'UI' for unit interval.

Tunable: No

Data Types: char

`DCD` — Duty cycle distortion
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Duty cycle distortion, specified as a nonnegative number. The value of DCD indicates half of the peak-to-peak DCD, where DCD is defined as half of the difference in symbol duration between one symbol and the next.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`DCDUnit` — DCD unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

DCD unit, specified as 'Seconds' for seconds or 'UI' for unit interval.

Tunable: No

Data Types: char

`Sj` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Sinusoidal or periodic jitter, specified as a number. The value of Sj indicates half of the peak to peak amplitude of sinusoidal or periodic jitter.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`SjUnit` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

Sinusoidal or periodic jitter unit, specified as 'Seconds' for seconds or 'UI' for unit interval.

Data Types: char

`SjFrequency` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter frequency
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Sinusoidal or periodic jitter frequency, specified as a nonnegative numeric scalar in Hz.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`JitterSeed` — Random seed for jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Random seed for the Dj and Rj jitter steams, specified as a nonnegative number.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

Advanced

`OutputJitter` — Enable optional jitter output
`0` (default) | `1`

To enable jitter output, set OutputJitter to 1. By default, this property is set to 0.

Tunable: No

Data Types: logical

`ReversePRBS` — Reverse PRBS sequence in time
`0` (default) | `1`

To revers the PRBS sequence in time, set ReversePRBS to 1. This reverses the tap positions in the characteristic polynomial. By default, this property is set to 0.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: logical

`InvertPRBS` — Invert PRBS sequence in voltage
`0` (default) | `1`

To invert the PRBS sequence in voltage, set InvertPRBS to 1. This flips the values of 0s and 1s. By default, this property is set to 0.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: logical

`BinaryToPAMnMapping` — Define mapping of binary payload to symbol voltage
`'Default'` (default) | `'ETH_100BASE_T1'` | `'USB4V2'` | `'Uniform'`

Define how to map the binary payload to a symbol voltage.

Note

If you set BinaryToPAMnMapping to 'Uniform', you must define the properties PayloadLength and MessageLength.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS'.

Data Types: double

`PayloadLength` — Length of binary payload
`1` (default) | positive integer less than 50

Length of the binary payload, specified as a positive integer less than 50.

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set Specification to 'Serial PRBS', 'Parallel PRBS', or 'PRBS' and set BinaryToPAMnMapping to 'Uniform'.

Data Types: double

`MessageLength` — Length of symbol message
`1` (default) | positive integer

Length of the symbol message, specified as a positive integer less than or equal to PayloadLength

Tunable: No

Dependencies

To enable this property, set BinaryToPAMnMapping to 'Uniform'.

Data Types: double

`SymbolTime` — Time of single symbol duration
`1e-10` (default) | positive real scalar

Time of a single symbol duration, specified as a real positive scalar.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

`SampleInterval` — Uniform time step of output waveform
`6.25e-12` (default) | positive real scalar

Uniform time step of the output waveform, specified as a positive real scalar.

Tunable: No

Data Types: double

Usage

Syntax

val = stimulus

Description

val = stimulus

example

Output Arguments

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`val` — Sample of the PRBS from stimulus
scalar

A single output sample of the PRBS each time stimulus is called. Equivalent to calling step(stimulus).

Object Functions

To use an object function, specify the System object as the first input argument. For example, to release system resources of a System object named obj, use this syntax:

release(obj)

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Specific to `serdes.Stimulus`

`step`	Run System object algorithm
`clone`	Create duplicate System object

Common to All System Objects

`step`	Run System object algorithm
`release`	Release resources and allow changes to System object property values and input characteristics
`reset`	Reset internal states of System object

Examples

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Generate Custom Stimulus Pattern

Open Live Script

You can use the serdes.Stimulus object to generate a NRZ waveform from a pseudorandom binary sequence (PRBS) waveform as well as other modulations and data patterns.

First, define the parameters of the sequences. Use a symbol time of 80 ps with 8 samples per symbol. Send 15 symbols with 0.1 UI deterministic jitter.

SymbolTime = 80e-12;
SamplesPerSymbol = 8;
NumberOfSymbols = 15;
Dj = 0.1;

Calculate the sample interval.

dt = SymbolTime/SamplesPerSymbol;

Create a default Stimulus object that generates a random NRZ data pattern.

stimulus1 = serdes.Stimulus(...
    'SampleInterval',dt,...
    'SymbolTime',SymbolTime,...
    'Dj',Dj);

Create a Stimulus object that generates a PRBS with an order of 8.

stimulus2 = serdes.Stimulus(...
    'SampleInterval',dt,...
    'SymbolTime',SymbolTime,...
    'Delay',dt*4,...
    'Specification','PRBS',...
    'Order',8,...
    'Seed',{[0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0]},...
    'Dj',Dj);

Create a Stimulus object that generates a PRBS and uses a PAM4 modulation scheme.

stimulus3 = serdes.Stimulus(...
'Specification','Parallel PRBS',...
'SampleInterval',dt,...
'SymbolTime',SymbolTime,...
'Modulation',4,...
'Delay',dt*4,...
'Order',[6 8],...
'MapToVoltage',2*[-1/2, 1/6, -1/6, 1/2],...
'Dj',Dj);

Create a Stimulus object that modulates a custom data pattern.

stimulus4 = serdes.Stimulus(...
    'SampleInterval',dt,...
    'SymbolTime',SymbolTime,...
    'Specification','Data Pattern',...
    'DataPattern',(-2:2)/2,...
    'Dj',Dj);

Create a Stimulus object that creates a sampled voltage waveform.

stimulus5 = serdes.Stimulus(...
    'SampleInterval',dt,...
    'SymbolTime',SymbolTime,...
    'Specification','Sampled Voltage',...
    'SampledVoltage',[-1.5:0.25:1.5,1.25:-0.25:-1.25]);

Initialize the variables for plotting, where N is the number of samples, waveOut contains all of the samples, and t is the vector with the time associated with each sample.

N = SamplesPerSymbol*NumberOfSymbols;
waveOut = zeros(N,5);
t = (0:N-1)*dt;

Then step each Stimulus object to sample the generated signals.

for ii = 1:N
    waveOut(ii,1) = step(stimulus1);
    waveOut(ii,2) = step(stimulus2);
    waveOut(ii,3) = step(stimulus3);
    waveOut(ii,4) = step(stimulus4);
    waveOut(ii,5) = step(stimulus5);
end

Finally, plot waveOut with a legend and labels on the axes.

figure
plot(t,waveOut)
xlabel('time [s]')
ylabel('V')
grid on
legend('Default Stimulus','PRBS 8 Stimulus','PAM4 Stimulus',...
    'Custom Stimulus','Sampled Voltage')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel time [s], ylabel V contains 5 objects of type line. These objects represent Default Stimulus, PRBS 8 Stimulus, PAM4 Stimulus, Custom Stimulus, Sampled Voltage.

Tips

If the PRBS waveform specification definition is incomplete, then extended defaults will be applied. For instance, if Modulation is 4 but Seed is incomplete or incorrect, a valid Seed value will be found and used.
The PAMn waveform specification creates pulse amplitude modulation (PAM) signals for 2 to 16 levels. This random integer generator selects 16 bits from a PRBS31 data stream to form an integer between 0 and 2^16-1. This integer is then linearly mapped to the range of [0.501, N + 0.499] which is then rounded to an integer in the range of 1 to N, where N is the desired number of PAM levels. This uniform integer then selects the appropriate symbol voltage from the MapToVoltage property.
The injected jitter is accumulated as follows:
DJ: jitter = 2*Dj*(rand(1)-0.5);
Rj: jitter = Rj*randn(1);
DCD: jitter = DCD/2*(-1.0)^N, where N is the symbol index
Sj: jitter = pSj*sin(N*T*2*pi*SjFrequency), where N is the symbol index, T is the symbol time.
Jitter is injected in the symbol to waveform conversion and therefore jitter cannot be injected when the Specification is 'Sampled Voltage'.

Version History

Introduced in R2021b

serdes.Stimulus

Description

Creation

Syntax

Description

Properties

Main

Specification — Waveform creation method 'Random Symbols' (default) | 'Symbol Pattern' | 'Serial PRBS' | 'Binary Pattern' | 'Symbol Voltage Pattern' | 'Sampled Voltage' | 'Parallel PRBS' | 'PRBS' | 'PAMn' | 'Data Pattern'

Modulation — Number of logic levels in signaling scheme 2 (default) | integer in the range of [2,32]

Delay — Delay offset for stimulus waveform 0 (default) | nonnegative real scalar

Order — PRBS order 7 (default) | numeric scalar | numeric vector

Dependencies

Seed — PRBS seed {[0 1 0 1 0 1 0]} (default) | cell array of binary vectors

Dependencies

MapToVoltage — PRBS mapping from binary stream(s) to voltages [-0.5 0.5] (default) | numeric real vector

Dependencies

DataPattern — Custom data pattern of symbol time spaced voltages [-0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000] (default) | numeric vector

Dependencies

SymbolPattern — Custom pattern of symbol voltages spaced at symbol time interval [0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0] (default) | numeric vector

Dependencies

BinaryPattern — Custom pattern of 1s and 0s spaced at symbol interval [0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0] (default) | numeric vector

Dependencies

SampledVoltage — Custom voltage pattern of sample interval spaced voltages [0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000] (default) | numeric vector | logical vector

Dependencies

PAMnSeed — Seed for the PAMn pattern generator 1.4317e+09 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Dependencies

Jitter

Dj — Deterministic jitter 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

DjUnit — Deterministic jitter unit 'UI' (default) | 'Seconds'

Rj — Random jitter 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

RjUnit — Random jitter unit 'UI' (default) | 'Seconds'

DCD — Duty cycle distortion 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

DCDUnit — DCD unit 'UI' (default) | 'Seconds'

Sj — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

SjUnit — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter unit 'UI' (default) | 'Seconds'

SjFrequency — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter frequency 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

JitterSeed — Random seed for jitter 0 (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

Advanced

OutputJitter — Enable optional jitter output 0 (default) | 1

ReversePRBS — Reverse PRBS sequence in time 0 (default) | 1

Dependencies

InvertPRBS — Invert PRBS sequence in voltage 0 (default) | 1

Dependencies

BinaryToPAMnMapping — Define mapping of binary payload to symbol voltage 'Default' (default) | 'ETH_100BASE_T1' | 'USB4V2' | 'Uniform'

Dependencies

PayloadLength — Length of binary payload 1 (default) | positive integer less than 50

Dependencies

MessageLength — Length of symbol message 1 (default) | positive integer

Dependencies

SymbolTime — Time of single symbol duration 1e-10 (default) | positive real scalar

SampleInterval — Uniform time step of output waveform 6.25e-12 (default) | positive real scalar

Usage

Syntax

Description

Output Arguments

val — Sample of the PRBS from stimulus scalar

Object Functions

Specific to serdes.Stimulus

Common to All System Objects

Examples

Generate Custom Stimulus Pattern

Tips

Version History

See Also

`Specification` — Waveform creation method
`'Random Symbols'` (default) | `'Symbol Pattern'` | `'Serial PRBS'` | `'Binary Pattern'` | `'Symbol Voltage Pattern'` | `'Sampled Voltage'` | `'Parallel PRBS'` | `'PRBS'` | `'PAMn'` | `'Data Pattern'`

`Modulation` — Number of logic levels in signaling scheme
`2` (default) | integer in the range of `[2,32]`

`Delay` — Delay offset for stimulus waveform
`0` (default) | nonnegative real scalar

`Order` — PRBS order
`7` (default) | numeric scalar | numeric vector

`Seed` — PRBS seed
`{[0 1 0 1 0 1 0]}` (default) | cell array of binary vectors

`MapToVoltage` — PRBS mapping from binary stream(s) to voltages
`[-0.5 0.5]` (default) | numeric real vector

`DataPattern` — Custom data pattern of symbol time spaced voltages
`[-0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000]` (default) | numeric vector

`SymbolPattern` — Custom pattern of symbol voltages spaced at symbol time interval
`[0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0]` (default) | numeric vector

`BinaryPattern` — Custom pattern of 1s and 0s spaced at symbol interval
`[0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0]` (default) | numeric vector

`SampledVoltage` — Custom voltage pattern of sample interval spaced voltages
`[0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000 -0.5000]` (default) | numeric vector | logical vector

`PAMnSeed` — Seed for the PAMn pattern generator
`1.4317e+09` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`Dj` — Deterministic jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`DjUnit` — Deterministic jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

`Rj` — Random jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`RjUnit` — Random jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

`DCD` — Duty cycle distortion
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`DCDUnit` — DCD unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

`Sj` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`SjUnit` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter unit
`'UI'` (default) | `'Seconds'`

`SjFrequency` — Sinusoidal or periodic jitter frequency
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`JitterSeed` — Random seed for jitter
`0` (default) | nonnegative numeric scalar

`OutputJitter` — Enable optional jitter output
`0` (default) | `1`

`ReversePRBS` — Reverse PRBS sequence in time
`0` (default) | `1`

`InvertPRBS` — Invert PRBS sequence in voltage
`0` (default) | `1`

`BinaryToPAMnMapping` — Define mapping of binary payload to symbol voltage
`'Default'` (default) | `'ETH_100BASE_T1'` | `'USB4V2'` | `'Uniform'`

`PayloadLength` — Length of binary payload
`1` (default) | positive integer less than 50

`MessageLength` — Length of symbol message
`1` (default) | positive integer

`SymbolTime` — Time of single symbol duration
`1e-10` (default) | positive real scalar

`SampleInterval` — Uniform time step of output waveform
`6.25e-12` (default) | positive real scalar

`val` — Sample of the PRBS from stimulus
scalar

Specific to `serdes.Stimulus`