Like this
x0 = [0;
0];
tspan = [0, 10];
[t, x] = ode45(@func, tspan, x0);
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(t, x(:, 1));
grid('on');
%axis([0 10 -1 1]);
xlabel('time [s]');
ylabel('x [m]');
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(t, x(:, 2));
grid;
%axis([0 10 -1 1]);
xlabel('time [s]');
ylabel('dx/dt [m/s]');
function xdot = func(~, x)
M = 1.0;
K = 10;
C = 1;
l = 0.5;
g = 9.8;
xdot = [x(2);
-K*(x(1)-l)*x(1)/M-C*x(2)/M+g]; % x(1) not just x. No need for dt
end