just create a vector of relevant CO2 concentrations and call your temperature funciton for each value
so:
carbon = 1:10:1000; % place here your relevant concentrations that you want to plot
temperatureY = zeros(length(carbon),1);
for ii = 1:length(carbon)
temperatureY(ii) = temperature(carbon(ii));
end
plot(carbon,temperatureY);
you need the for loop here because your function cannot deal with vectors so if speed of your code is an issue this is something you can still improve
