Does this do what you mean?
rng("default")
% Data to plot
x = 1:10;
y = rand(1,10);
% 11 arbitrary numeric labels for y-axis
yTickLabelArray = primes(31);
% Make plot
plot(x,y,'.-')
set(gca,"YTick",0:0.1:1,"YTickLabel",yTickLabelArray) % <---- Automatically gets converted to text for label

