If you use the Arduino support package then see https://www.mathworks.com/help/supportpkg/arduinoio/ref/matlabshared.i2c.device.html . You would use arduino() to establish the connection, then device() to configure the i2c details, and then read() or write()
Note that this kind of connection will be slower than if you created a custom arduino sketch that do the reading or writing and sent the values to MATLAB over the serial port (USB really) or by an ethernet connection. The arduino() / device() / read() structure is convenient for not having to know the details of how it all works, but it has the disadvantage of needing to have the MATLAB session send "commands" to the arduino that the arudino has to interpret to figure out what has to be done and then package up the results and send them back . This would, of course, be slower than if the arduino has already been programmed to only do one thing, without having to be instructed about what to do each time.
