I am struggling converting a my date vector from Julian days (units: days since 1950-01-01 00:00:00 UTC) to a normal date format. Possibly, my final vector wuold be in the form YYYY-MM-DD hh:mm:ss.
That definition of "julian date" doesn't match either of the ones supported by the datetime function with the "t=datetime(X,'ConvertFrom',dateType)" syntax.
Ah, looking at the Wikipedia page for Julian day you're working with CNES JD data? You could use the formula given on that page, but I'd probably use the approach you gave in your comment.
Though I am curious why you're converting it to a serial date number. As stated on the datenum documentation page use of datenum is not recommended. If you describe what you're hoping to do with those serial date numbers we may be able to suggest how to accomplish those tasks with datetime and duration functionality.