You can do it with subplot axes, however not with tiledlayout axes.
To illustrate —
figure
tiledlayout(2,2)
htl1 = nexttile;
plot(rand(5))
htl2 = nexttile;
plot(rand(5))
htl2.Position = [sum(htl1.Position([1 3])) htl2.Position(2:4)];
htl3 = nexttile;
plot(rand(5))
htl4 = nexttile;
plot(rand(5))
htl4.Position = [sum(htl3.Position([1 3])) htl4.Position(2:4)];
figure
hsp1 = subplot(2,2,1);
plot(rand(5))
hsp2 = subplot(2,2,2);
plot(rand(5))
hsp2.Position = [sum(hsp1.Position([1 3])) hsp2.Position(2:4)];
hsp3 = subplot(2,2,3);
plot(rand(5))
hsp4 = subplot(2,2,4);
plot(rand(5))
hsp4.Position = [sum(hsp3.Position([1 3])) hsp4.Position(2:4)];
.
