Well, sorta', but not totally generic.
hPax=polaraxes('thetalim',[0 20],'thetazerolocation','top','thetadir','clockwise','rlim',[0 300],'rdir','reverse');
may be something like what you're envisioning, but the 'thetazerolocation' parameter is only one of the four quadrants, it can't be set as an angle to make the 10-degree radius vertical as you would probably prefer. You also can't change the aspect ratio to make the subtended angle fill the total figure/axes space; it is constrained to be only the fraction of the full circle given by the 'thetalim' range.
But, you can make the theta axis symmetric about zero
figure
hPax=polaraxes('thetalim',[-10 10],'thetazerolocation','top','thetadir','clockwise','rlim',[0 300],'rdir','reverse');
and then relabel manually as desired. To plot into the latter, of course, you would have to center your data to match the actual ThetaTick values; the labels now are purely artificial and not the same as the actual tick values.
figure
hPax=polaraxes('thetalim',[-10 10],'thetazerolocation','top','thetadir','clockwise','rlim',[0 300],'rdir','reverse');
hPax.ThetaTickLabel=hPax.ThetaTick+10;
Whether that's useful or not you'll have to decide, is about the closest "out of the box" I think you could get with builtin MATLAB functions.
