After installing Matlab on the second PC (Win10), running the script in Matlab is not a problem. Then, I compiled another executable on the second PC, again using MCR_R2015a. Running the generated exe I received the same error as above.
As I was able to run the script inside Matlab but not the executable using the Matlab compiler runtime, I figured an unset path in the MCR may cause the error.
Not being able to find the file were the path to the TCPIP class is defined, I ended up deinstalling the MCR. Et voilá, it worked!
I am aware this solution is not answering the question how to compile scripts containing the tcpip function and running the generated exe on PCs that have no Matlab installed. But it is good enough for me.
