Yes. MATLAB licenses are not locked to an operating system. Some MATLAB licenses are locked to user names; others are locked to a combination of host MAC address and user name; others are locked to host MAC address.
When an executable is compiled using MATLAB Compiler, the intent is that the user of the compiled executable does not need any kind of license with Mathworks, even if toolboxes were used.
However: executables compiled with MATLAB Compiler are only valid with the same kind of operating system that they were compiled on; at most with the same operating system family. This is not because of license locks: this is just because the "executable" is a binary program, and the process of compiling is operating-system specific. Therefore the code authors would need to compile it on Linux for it to be possible to execute it on Linux, for technical reasons.
If you are using something like Parallels, or vine to run MS Windows as a virtual machine, then it is plausible that you should be able to use the MS Windows compiled version, in emulation in the virtual machine.
