the code for mfcc feature extraction is giiven below, and the code showing error at the time of running and the error also given below. how to rectify the error??

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Suchithra K S
Suchithra K S 2018-11-25
评论： hanif omar 2021-1-19
clear all;
close all;
% Step 0: Reading the File & initializing the Time and Freq.
[x,fs]=audioread('cryrumble.wav');
ts=1/fs;
N=length(x);
Tmax=(N-1)*ts;
fsu=fs/(N-1);
t=(0:ts:Tmax);
f=(-fs/2:fsu:fs/2);
figure, subplot(411),plot(t,x),xlabel('Time'),title('Original audio');
subplot(412),plot(f,fftshift(abs(fft(x)))),xlabel('Freq (Hz)'),title('Frequency Spectrum');
% Step 1: Pre-Emphasis
%
% a=[1];
% b=[1 -0.95];
% y=filter(b,a,x);
% subplot(413),plot(t,y),xlabel('Time'),title('Signal After High Pass Filter - Time Domain');
% subplot(414),plot(f,fftshift(abs(fft(y)))),xlabel('Freq (Hz)'),title('Signal After High Pass Filter - Frequency Spectrum');
% Step 2: Frame Blocking
frameSize=1000;
% frameOverlap=128;
% frames=enframe(y,frameSize,frameOverlap);
% NumFrames=size(frames,1);
frame_duration=0.06;
frame_len = frame_duration*fs;
framestep=0.01;
framestep_len=framestep*fs;
% N = length (x);
num_frames =floor(N/frame_len);
% new_sig =zeros(N,1);
% count=0;
% frame1 =x(1:frame_len);
% frame2 =x(frame_len+1:frame_len*2);
% frame3 =x(frame_len*2+1:frame_len*3);
frames=[];
for j=1:num_frames
frame=x((j-1)*framestep_len + 1: ((j-1)*framestep_len)+frame_len);
% frame=x((j-1)*frame_len +1 :frame_len*j);
% identify the silence by finding frames with max amplitude less than
% 0.025
max_val=max(frame);
if (max_val>0.025)
% count = count+1;
% new_sig((count-1)*frame_len+1:frame_len*count)=frames;
frames=[frames;frame];
end
end
% Step 3: Hamming Windowing
NumFrames=size(frames,1);
hamm=hamming(1000)';
for i=1:NumFrames
windowed(i,:)=frames(i,:).*hamm;
end
% Step 4: FFT
% Taking only the positive values in the FFT that is the first half of the frame after being computed.
for i=1:NumFrames
ft(i,:)=abs(fft((windowed(i,:)),480));
plot(ft(i,:))
end
% Step 5: Mel Filterbanks
Lower_Frequency = 100;
Upper_Frequency = fs/2;
% With a total of 22 points we can create 20 filters.
Nofilters=20;
lowhigh=[300 fs/2];
%Here logarithm is of base 'e'
lh_mel=1125*(log(1+lowhigh/700));
mel=linspace(lh_mel(1),lh_mel(2),Nofilters+2);
melinhz=700*(exp(mel/1125)-1);
%Converting to frequency resolution
fres=floor(((frameSize)+1)*melinhz/fs);
%Creating the filters
for m =2:length(mel)-1
for k=1:frameSize/2
if k<fres(m-1)
H(m-1,k) = 0;
elseif (k>=fres(m-1)&&k<=fres(m))
H(m-1,k)= (k-fres(m-1))/(fres(m)-fres(m-1));
elseif (k>=fres(m)&&k<=fres(m+1))
H(m-1,k)= (fres(m+1)-k)/(fres(m+1)-fres(m));
elseif k>fres(m+1)
H(m-1,k) = 0;
end
end
end
%H contains the 20 filterbanks, we now apply it to the
%processed signal.
for i=1:NumFrames
for j=1:Nofilters
bankans(i,j)=sum((ft(i,:).*H(j,:)).^2);
end
end
% Step 6: Nautral Log and DCT
% pkg load signal
%Here logarithm is of base '10'
logged=log10(bankans);
for i=1:NumFrames
mfcc(i,:)=dct2(logged(i,:));
end
%plotting the MFCC
figure
hold on
for i=1:NumFrames
plot(mfcc(i,1:13));
end
hold off
% save c5 mfcc
i= mfcc;
save i i
load i.mat
X=i;
k=1;
[IDXi,ci] = kmeans(X,k);
save c41i ci
mfcccombined.m
Displaying mfcccombined.m.
when I running this code it showing error like thi" Reference to a cleared variable frames.
Error in mfccaudio (line 57)
windowed(i,:)=frames(i,:).*hamm;"
how to rectify the error??

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回答（2 个）

Walter Roberson
Walter Roberson 2018-11-25
I copied your code in and applied it to a random .wav that I had around.
Your code is not efficient. You have
hamm=hamming(1000)';
for i=1:NumFrames
windowed(i,:)=frames(i,:).*hamm;
end
You can prove that at that point frames is a single column vector, so you are effectively multiplying each element of that column vector by the hamm matrix, in a loop. You can be much much more efficient by coding
windowed = bsxfun(@times, frames, hamm);
with no loop.
You also have
for i=1:NumFrames
ft(i,:)=abs(fft((windowed(i,:)),480));
plot(ft(i,:))
end
NumFrames is easily in the tens of thousands. "hold" is not on in the axis, so every iteration you are plotting something that will be ovewritten by the next iteration, which is pointless work: just plot the final iteration after the loop. You can also be much more efficient on doing the fft in a loop: just fft everything at once with no loop:
ft = abs( fft(windowed, 480, 2) );
The ,2 is because you are fft'ing row by row and the default for fft() is column by column.
Eventually you get to
for i=1:NumFrames
for j=1:Nofilters
bankans(i,j)=sum((ft(i,:).*H(j,:)).^2);
end
end
Because of the ,480 for the fft, we know that ft has 480 columns. The 480 columns are being multiplied by a column of H. How many columns does H have?
for k=1:frameSize/2
if k<fres(m-1)
H(m-1,k) = 0;
elseif (k>=fres(m-1)&&k<=fres(m))
H(m-1,k)= (k-fres(m-1))/(fres(m)-fres(m-1));
elseif (k>=fres(m)&&k<=fres(m+1))
H(m-1,k)= (fres(m+1)-k)/(fres(m+1)-fres(m));
elseif k>fres(m+1)
H(m-1,k) = 0;
end
end
So we see that it has frameSize/2 columns, and frameSize=1000 so half of that is 500. So you are trying to multiply 480 columns by 500 columns which is going to fail.
If the number of columns did match then you could no doubt improve efficiency by vectorizing, removing the inner loop.
bankans(i,:) = sum(bsxfun(@times, ft(i,:), H).^2,2);
Suchithra K S
Suchithra K S 2018-11-26
Sir, run the above code with these chnges then also the code showing error. The error is like this "checking
Warning: Ignoring rows of X with missing data.
> In kmeans (line 164)
In checking (line 127)
Undefined variable "mffccombined" or class "mffccombined.m".
Error in checking (line 129)
mffccombined.m"
Sir, can you please rectify this error.
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