PARFOR Transparency violation error

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Why am I getting the transperancy error for the following code?
Error using syms (line 216)
Transparency violation error.
See Parallel Computing Toolbox documentation about Transparency
clc
clear
alpha =4; % Path loss exponent
del = 2/alpha;
R =1;
N = 4;
p_k = [0.15 0.05 0.45 0.35];
epsi = 1;
N_set = 1:N;
lambda_dash = 0.05:0.05:0.5;
spec_eff1 = zeros(length(lambda_dash),N);
parfor vv = 1:length(lambda_dash)
vv
comm_term = lambda_dash(vv)*pi*(epsi+R^alpha).*gamma(1+del)*gamma(1-del);
syms tt
fun_int1 = zeros(1,N);
for k = 1:N
term = 0;
for ii = 1:N
m =max(ii-N+k,0):1:min(k,ii);
p_intf = (factorial(k)./(factorial(m).*factorial(k-m))).*(factorial(N-k)./(factorial(ii-m).*factorial(N-k-ii+m)))./(factorial(N)./(factorial(ii).*factorial(N-ii)));
term =term + (sum(p_k(ii).*p_intf.*((2^(tt)-1).*m./k).*((epsi+R^alpha).*(2^(tt)-1).*(m./k) + epsi).^(del-1)));
end
f = exp(-comm_term.*term);
fun_int1(k) = vpa(int(f,[0 inf]));
end
spec_eff1(vv,:) = fun_int1;
end
spec_eff = sum(p_k.*spec_eff1,2);
semilogy(lambda_dash,spec_eff,'k-')
hold on
grid on

采纳的回答

Andrea Picciau
Andrea Picciau 2019-6-18
The problem occurs in this line:
syms tt
Although the syms function is very handy for hacking symbolic math on your client machine, it modifies the global state of the workspace in a way that is not suitable for parallel computations (and parfor in particular). For parallel computations, use the sym object constructor and change that line to:
tt = sym('tt');
In general, with parfor it's better to use functions that construct and return objects (like the function sym), which are transparent in most cases.
  3 个评论
Andrea Picciau
Andrea Picciau 2019-9-20
Hi Saddam,
I can't see any usage of syms in your code.
Take a look at your error. It should be something like this:
Error using XXXXX (line NNN)
Transparency violation error.
it should give you a starting point to debug your code. Read this to see how to do it!

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更多回答(1 个)

gonzalo Mier
gonzalo Mier 2019-6-17
Parfor loop don't work in GPU, it just multithread your CPU code, so you have to be careful with the variables you use because all of them can change the values of the variables that are accessed by other threads, so the behavior is not predefined. For that, matlab create this error if more than one thread can access to the same memory space. I recommend to use cells for each variable so you don't have any problems with the threats. Also, defining a symbolic variable inside the parfor is a bad idea for the same reason.
  3 个评论
gonzalo Mier
gonzalo Mier 2019-6-20
thank you, that was really helpful :)

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