This would work as long as V has a multiple of 10 elements:
%demo data
V = [ 19 15 11 2 16 3 1 18 14 3 18 19 20 1 13 4 14 3 1 2 16 4 3 1 19 3 20 4 13 1 15 2 18 4 1 20 19 17 3 1 13 20 3 4 17 18 19 20 14 15];
A= [0 15 11 2 4 0 3 1 13;
14 0 16 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0;
0 0 18 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 19 0 0 0 0 0 0;
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0];
assert(mod(numel(V), 10) == 0, 'V length is not a multiple of 10');
V10 = reshape(V, 10, []); %rearrange V in batches of 10
[~, where] = ismember(V10, A); %find location of elements in A
[~, col] = ind2sub(size(A), where); %convert location into column index
[~, order] = sort(col, 1); %and sort by column order
newV = reshape(V10(order + (0:size(order, 1):numel(order)-1)), 1, []) %and rearrange columns of V10 according to that order
Note that elements of V not found in A get reordered first in each group of 10.
