We end up with a fuel flow rate, which I need to minimize by variying the 4 variables.
You have a single objective. You can use fmincon(), possibly with non-linear constraints.
I can't create a single equation to represent all these relationships.
You do not need to. What you need is a single function that accepts a vector of length 4 and returns a scalar. The function can have any looping and branching structure it needs, and can call any number of other functions. However, the computations need to be continous to the second derivative in order for the gradient and hessian computations to be valid.
You might also be interested in looking at Problem Based Optimization.
