See the inline comments for the 3 changes I made to your code.
I'm assuming that the user is providing a vector of numbers as input and that you are requiring the vector to be of size 'dims'. This uses validateattributes(A,classes,attributes) which will throw a well written error message if the assumptions are not met.
while isempty(dado) || length(dado) ~= componente
% Ask user for a number.
% CHANGE 1: Assuming 'dado' output should be 'answer' based on lines below
% dado = inputdlg(prompt, titleBar, 1, definput);
answer = inputdlg(prompt, titleBar, 1, definput);
if isempty(answer),break,end % Bail out if they clicked Cancel.
% Convert to floating point from string.
% CHANGE 2: Assuming answer is a vector in which chase this line below
% will not work; replaced with sscanf line.
%usersValue = str2double(answer{1});
userValue = sscanf(answer{1},'%g').';
% CHANGE 3: Check that userValue is a double array of size dims.
% Check usersValue1 for validity.
validateattributes(userValue,{'double'},{'size',dims})
end
Note that since the user is entering a vector, it may be better to test that the input vector has an expected number of elements rather than having an expected size. That would look like this (where 'n' is the expected number of elements).
validateattributes(userValue,{'double'},{'numel',n})
