Yes! The license terms are per-host, not per-OS.
That said, Windows uses a different strategy to identify host identifier for licensing purposes than Linux does, so you could potentially run into situations where MATLAB does not recognize the two OS as being the same host.
From what I understand of the way the authentication works, on any comparatively recent version of MATLAB for Linux (since persistent device naming become common), it should find all of the MAC interfaces and accept them all, so I suspect that if you install on Windows first and then Linux you should not have difficulty. However if you installed on Linux first and then Windows, I could imagine the Windows one not realizing it was the same host.
