Hi,
There are various feature detection and extraction algorithms. All of them are directly available to use in Computer Vision Toolbox.
As per my knowledge, according to your image Local Binary Pattern (LBP) feature extraction algorithm will give the best results. As in your image, feature is an area in the image which is of different intensisty then it’s neighbours. Which means you are trying to detect the texture of the image, which can be best done by LBP.
Below is the link for documentation of local feature detection and extraction-
