Let dates be your date and A be your column vector whcih you want to reconstruct.
[C,ia,ib] = uniqur(dates) ; % if this dont work convert dates to datenum
N = length(C) ;
iwant = cell(N,1) ; % cell becuase there is no rule that there will same number of elements to frame matrix
for i = 1:N
iwant{i} = A(ib==i) ;
end