It will be hard to "change the value of a Simulink.Parameter from inside of my Simulink model", if not possible. Even if you could, the changed value won't take effect during simulation if it was used by the Constant block.
You could use a Data Store, which requires (implictly or explictly) a Simulink.Signal object, which is basically the same effect as the approach below.
Get rid of the "Rs" Constant block. Connect the estimated "Rs" output to the output of that Constant block. Label the signal as "DynamicRs" and check the signal property, "Signal name must resolve to Simulink signal object".
In your data dictionary, create a Simulink.Signal object named "DynamicRs" and you can set up the initial value, which is your Rs value.
The point here is that your "Rs" is truly a dynamic signal. Only its initial value is a parameter.
