You can choose to implement the solution either entirely in MATLAB or by using Simulink. The option you choose entirely depends on our end objective.
Because you already have all the aircraft cruise data in an excel file, the first step would be import this data into MATLAB using xlsread http://www.mathworks.com/help/techdoc/ref/xlsread.html.
Now, if you would like to program the solution in MATLAB, you could use one of the table lookup methods <http://www.mathworks.com/help/search/doc/en/R2011a?submitsearch=Search&qdoc=table+lookup+product%3Amatlab+type%3Afcn> to take the values of fuel burn etc. as inputs and return the pressure, altitude etc. as the outputs.
If you would like to program the solution in Simulink, you can use the lookup table block, whose documentation can be found here: http://www.mathworks.com/help/toolbox/simulink/ug/bqiqpa3.html. Also at the link, you will find a section titled 'Guidelines for Choosing a Lookup Table' that I think will be helpful to you in selecting one that fits your need.
In either case, because you are new to MATLAB, it will be useful to read the documentation for both the MATLAB and Simulink based approaches to familiarize yourself with the possibilities.