Hi Martyna,
One suggestion I can give you is to find the volume of the blood vessel and approximate it to shape and find the radius accordingly. Check out convhull function. This might help you to get a shape. Another suggestion is to use connected componenet analysis i.e. bwconncomp function. This function will help you find all the object in your 3d volume and give you all required information you needed about those object which inturn can help you find radius.
Hope it helps.
Cheers