Backward Substitution
Solve UX = B for X when U is upper triangular matrix
Libraries:
DSP System Toolbox /
Math Functions /
Matrices and Linear Algebra /
Linear System Solvers
Description
The Backward Substitution block solves the linear system UX = B by simple backward substitution of variables, where:
U is the upper triangular M-by-M matrix input to the U port.
B is the M-by-N matrix input to the B port.
X is the M-by-N output matrix and is the solution of the system of equations.
The block does not check the rank of the inputs. The block uses only the elements in the upper triangle of input U and ignores the lower elements. When you select the Input U is unit-upper triangular check box, the block assumes the elements on the diagonal of U are 1s. This is useful when matrix U is the result of another operation, such as an LDL decomposition, that uses the diagonal elements to represent the D matrix.
Examples
Ports
Input
U — Input upper triangular matrix
M-by-M matrix
Specify the input upper triangular M-by-M matrix U through this port. Inputs U and B must have the same number of rows.
If the input is fixed point, it must be a signed integer or a signed fixed point value with a power-of-two slope and zero bias.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| fixed point
Complex Number Support: Yes
B — B matrix
M-by-N matrix | M-by-1 vector
Specify the B matrix in the UX = B equation as an M-by-N matrix or an M-by-1 vector.
When you specify an M-by-1 vector, the block treats the length-M vector input at port B as an M-by-1 matrix. Inputs U and B must have the same number of rows.
If the input is fixed point, it must be a signed integer or a signed fixed point value with a power-of-two slope and zero bias.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| fixed point
Complex Number Support: Yes
Output
X — Solution of system of equations
M-by-N matrix | M-by-1 matrix
The block returns the output as an M-by-N matrix or an M-by-1 vector. The size of the X matrix is same as the size of the B matrix.
When the inputs are fixed-point, the output matrix X is signed only fixed-point.
Data Types: single
| double
| int8
| int16
| int32
| fixed point
Complex Number Support: Yes
Parameters
Main Tab
Input U is unit-upper triangular — Diagonal elements of input matrix have a value of 1
off
(default) | on
Select this check box only when all elements on the diagonal of
U have a value of 1
. When you
do so, the block optimizes its behavior by skipping an unnecessary
division operation.
Do not select this check box if any elements on the diagonal of
U do not have a value of 1
.
When you clear the Input U is unit-upper triangular
check box, the block always performs the division operation.
Diagonal of complex input U is real — Diagonal elements of complex input are real
off
(default) | on
Select to optimize simulation speed when the diagonal elements of complex input U are real.
Note
When U is a complex fixed-point signal, you must select either Input U is unit-upper triangular or Diagonal of complex input U is real. When either of these options are selected, the block ignores any imaginary part of the diagonal of U.
Dependencies
This parameter is visible only when Input U is unit-upper triangular is not selected.
Data Types Tab
Note
Floating-point inheritance takes precedence over the data type settings defined on this pane. When inputs are floating point, the block ignores these settings, and all internal data types are floating point.
Rounding mode — Method of rounding operation
Floor
(default) | Ceiling
| Convergent
| Nearest
| Round
| Simplest
| Zero
Specify the rounding mode for fixed-point operations as one of the following:
Floor
Ceiling
Convergent
Nearest
Round
Simplest
Zero
For more details, see rounding mode.
Saturate on integer overflow — Method of overflow action
off (default) | on
When you select this parameter, the block saturates the result of its
fixed-point operation. When you clear this parameter, the block wraps
the result of its fixed-point operation. For details on
saturate
and wrap
, see overflow
mode for fixed-point operations.
Product output — Product output data type
Inherit: Inherit via internal
rule
(default) | Inherit: Same as first input
| fixdt(1,16,0)
Product output specifies the data type of the output of a product operation in the Backward Substitution block. For more information on the product output data type, see Fixed-Point Data Types and Multiplication Data Types.
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
— The block inherits the product output data type based on an internal rule. For more information on this rule, see Inherit via Internal Rule.Inherit: Same as first input
— The block specifies the product output data type to be the same as the first input data type.fixdt(1,16,0)
— The block specifies a signed, binary-point, scaled, fixed-point data type with a word length of 16 bits and a fraction length of 0.
Alternatively, you can set the Product output
data type by using the Data Type Assistant. To use
the assistant, click the Show data type assistant
button .
For more information on the data type assistant, see Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink).
Accumulator — Accumulator data type
Inherit: Inherit via internal
rule
(default) | Inherit: Same as product output
| Inherit: Same as first input
| fixdt(1,16,0)
Accumulator specifies the data type of the output of an accumulation operation in the Backward Substitution block. For illustrations on how to use the accumulator data type in this block, see Fixed-Point Data Types.
Inherit: Inherit via internal rule
— The block inherits the accumulator data type based on an internal rule. For more information on this rule, see Inherit via Internal Rule.Inherit: Same as product output
— The block specifies the accumulator data type to be the same as the product output data type.Inherit: Same as first input
— The block specifies the accumulator data type to be the same as the first input data type.fixdt(1,16,0)
— The block specifies a signed, binary-point scaled, fixed-point data type with a word length of 16 bits and a fraction length of 0.
Alternatively, you can set the Accumulator data
type by using the Data Type Assistant. To use the
assistant, click the Show data type assistant
button .
For more information on the data type assistant, see Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink).
Output — Output data type
Inherit: Same as first
input
(default) | fixdt(1,16,0)
Output specifies the data type of the output of the Backward Substitution block. For more information on the output data type, see Fixed-Point Data Types.
Inherit: Same as first input
— The block specifies the output data type to be the same as the first input data type.fixdt(1,16,0)
— The block specifies a signed, binary-point scaled, fixed-point data type with a word length of 16 bits and a fraction length of 0.
Alternatively, you can set the Output data type
by using the Data Type Assistant. To use the
assistant, click the Show data type assistant
button.
For more information on the data type assistant, see Specify Data Types Using Data Type Assistant (Simulink).
Output Minimum — Minimum value the block can output
[]
(default) | scalar
Specify the minimum value the block can output. Simulink® software uses this minimum value to perform:
Simulation range checking. See Specify Signal Ranges (Simulink).
Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types.
Output Maximum — Maximum value block can output
[]
(default) | scalar
Specify the maximum value the block can output. Simulink software uses this maximum value to perform:
Simulation range checking. See Specify Signal Ranges (Simulink).
Automatic scaling of fixed-point data types.
Lock data type settings against changes by the fixed-point tools — Prevent fixed-point tools from overriding data types
off
(default) | on
Select this parameter to prevent the fixed-point tools from overriding the data types you specify in the block dialog box.
Block Characteristics
Data Types |
|
Direct Feedthrough |
|
Multidimensional Signals |
|
Variable-Size Signals |
|
Zero-Crossing Detection |
|
More About
Fixed-Point Data Types
The following diagrams show the data types used within the Backward Substitution block for fixed-point signals.
You can set the product output, accumulator, and output data types in the block dialog box.
The output of the multiplier is in the product output data type when the input is real. When the input is complex, the result of the multiplication is in the accumulator data type. For details on the complex multiplication performed, see Multiplication Data Types.
Extended Capabilities
C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using Simulink® Coder™.
Generated code relies on the memcpy
or
memset
function (string.h
) under certain
conditions.
Fixed-Point Conversion
Design and simulate fixed-point systems using Fixed-Point Designer™.
Version History
Introduced before R2006a
See Also
Blocks
Topics
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