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designHalfbandFIR

Design and implement halfband FIR filter

Since R2023b

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Syntax

B = designHalfbandFIR
B = designHalfbandFIR(Name=Value)

Description

B = designHalfbandFIR designs a halfband FIR equiripple filter with the filter order of 24 and the transition width of 0.1. B is a vector of halfband FIR coefficients of length 25.

The System object™ argument is false by default. To implement the filter, assign the filter coefficients in B to one of the supported System objects.

example

B = designHalfbandFIR(Name=Value) specifies options using one or more name-value arguments.

For example, B = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=30,TransitionWidth=0.2,DesignMethod="kaiser",SystemObject=true) designs a halfband FIR filter with the filter order of 30 and transition width of 0.2 by using the Kaiser window design method. As the SystemObject argument is true, the function designs and implements the halfband FIR filter. B is a dsp.FIRFilter System object in this case.

When you specify only a partial list of filter parameters, the function designs the filter by setting the other design parameters to their default values.

When you specify any of the numeric input arguments in single precision, the function designs the filter coefficients in single precision. Alternatively, you can use the Datatype and like arguments to control the data type of the coefficients. (since R2024b)

The function supports three design methods. Each design method supports a specific set of design combinations. For more information, see DesignMethod.

This function supports code generation under certain conditions. For more information, see Code Generation.

example

Examples

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Since R2024b

Open Live Script

Use the designHalfbandFIR function to design a minimum-phase FIR halfband filter. Set PhaseConstraint to 'minimum'.

minHalfband = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49,...
    PhaseConstraint='minimum',SystemObject=true,...
    Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="single-rate", PhaseConstraint="minimum", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)

minHalfband = 
  dsp.FIRFilter with properties:

            Structure: 'Direct form'
      NumeratorSource: 'Property'
            Numerator: [0.0880 0.2902 0.4470 0.3323 4.6647e-04 -0.1975 -0.0760 0.1161 0.0842 -0.0719 -0.0773 0.0471 0.0676 -0.0327 -0.0580 0.0239 0.0494 -0.0184 -0.0419 0.0149 0.0354 -0.0125 -0.0297 0.0109 0.0247 -0.0097 -0.0203 0.0086 ... ] (1x50 double)
    InitialConditions: 0

  Use get to show all properties

Visualize the magnitude response of this filter using filterAnalyzer.

filterAnalyzer(minHalfband)

Set PhaseConstraint to 'maximum' to design a maximum-phase FIR halfband filter. With the same specifications, notice that the magnitude response of the minimum-phase and maximum-phase filters is identical.

maxHalfband = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49,...
    PhaseConstraint='maximum',SystemObject=true,...
    Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=49, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="single-rate", PhaseConstraint="maximum", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)

maxHalfband = 
  dsp.FIRFilter with properties:

            Structure: 'Direct form'
      NumeratorSource: 'Property'
            Numerator: [7.4348e-04 -0.0024 0.0031 -6.5203e-04 -0.0024 0.0012 0.0027 -0.0019 -0.0033 0.0029 0.0040 -0.0041 -0.0047 0.0058 0.0055 -0.0079 -0.0062 0.0103 0.0070 -0.0132 -0.0078 0.0165 0.0086 -0.0203 -0.0097 0.0247 0.0109 ... ] (1x50 double)
    InitialConditions: 0

  Use get to show all properties


filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband)

Compare the phase response of the two filters.

filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband,Analysis="phase")

Compare the impulse response of the two filters. For the minimum-phase FIR filter, the energy of its impulse response is maximally concentrated towards the beginning of the impulse response, while the opposite is true for the maximum-phase filter.

filterAnalyzer(minHalfband,maxHalfband,Analysis="impulse")

Cascading the minimum- and maximum-phase filters yields a linear phase filter. The magnitude response of the filter cascade is the same as the individual filters but the phase response is linear.

cascFilter = cascade(minHalfband,maxHalfband)
cascFilter = 
  dsp.FilterCascade with properties:

         Stage1: [1x1 dsp.FIRFilter]
         Stage2: [1x1 dsp.FIRFilter]
    CloneStages: true


filterAnalyzer(cascFilter,Analysis="magnitude",OverlayAnalysis="phase")

Open Live Script

Design an equiripple FIR halfband filter with the order of 24 and a transition width of 0.1 using the designHalfbandFIR function. Assign the filter coefficients to a dsp.FIRFilter System object.

b = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=24,DesignMethod='equiripple');
hbFIR = dsp.FIRFilter(b);

Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.

dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true);
dfv(hbFIR);

Create a spectrumAnalyzer object to visualize the spectra of the input and output signals.

scope = spectrumAnalyzer(SampleRate=2, PlotAsTwoSidedSpectrum=false,...
    ChannelNames=["Input Signal","Filtered Signal"]);

Stream in random data and filter the signal using the FIR halfband filter. 

for i = 1:1000
    x = randn(1024, 1);
    y = hbFIR(x);
    scope(x,y);
end

Open Live Script

Design an equiripple FIR halfband interpolator object of order 48 using the designHalfbandFIR function. Set the Verbose argument to true.

hbFIR = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48,SystemObject=true,...
    Structure='interp',Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="interp", PhaseConstraint="linear", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)

hbFIR = 
  dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator with properties:

          Specification: 'Coefficients'
              Numerator: [0 -0.0082 0 0.0079 0 -0.0116 0 0.0165 0 -0.0227 0 0.0309 0 -0.0419 0 0.0571 0 -0.0800 0 0.1193 0 -0.2073 0 0.6350 1 0.6350 0 -0.2073 0 0.1193 0 -0.0800 0 0.0571 0 -0.0419 0 0.0309 0 -0.0227 0 0.0165 0 -0.0116 ... ] (1x49 double)
    FilterBankInputPort: false

  Use get to show all properties

Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.

dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true);
dfv(hbFIR);

The input is a cosine wave with an angular frequency of π4 radians/sample.

input = cos(pi/4*(0:39)');

Interpolate the cosine signal using the FIR halfband interpolator.

output = hbFIR(input);

Plot the original and interpolated signals. In order to plot the two signals on the same plot, you must account for the output delay introduced by the FIR halfband interpolator and the scaling introduced by the filter. Use the outputDelay function to compute the delay value introduced by the interpolator. Shift the output by this delay value.

Visualize the input and the resampled signals. The input and output values coincide every other sample due to the interpolation factor of 2.

[delay,FsOut] = outputDelay(hbFIR,FsIn=1)
delay = 
12

FsOut = 
2

nInput = (0:length(input)-1);
tOutput = (0:length(output)-1)/FsOut-delay;
stem(tOutput,output,'filled',MarkerSize=4); hold on;
stem(nInput,input); hold off;
xlim([-5,20])
legend('Interpolated by 2','Input signal','Location','best');

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type stem. These objects represent Interpolated by 2, Input signal.

Open Live Script

Design an equiripple FIR halfband decimator object of order 48 using the designHalfbandFIR function. Set the Verbose argument to true.

hbFIR = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48,SystemObject=true,...
    Structure='decim',Verbose=true)
designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=48, TransitionWidth=0.1, DesignMethod="equiripple", Passband="lowpass", Structure="decim", PhaseConstraint="linear", Datatype="double", SystemObject=true)

hbFIR = 
  dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator with properties:

   Main
    Specification: 'Coefficients'
        Numerator: [0 -0.0041 0 0.0040 0 -0.0058 0 0.0082 0 -0.0114 0 0.0155 0 -0.0209 0 0.0286 0 -0.0400 0 0.0597 0 -0.1037 0 0.3175 0.5000 0.3175 0 -0.1037 0 0.0597 0 -0.0400 0 0.0286 0 -0.0209 0 0.0155 0 -0.0114 0 0.0082 0 -0.0058 0 0.0040 0 -0.0041 0]

  Use get to show all properties

Create a dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer object and visualize the magnitude response of the filter.

dfv = dsp.DynamicFilterVisualizer(NormalizedFrequency=true);
dfv(hbFIR);

The input is a cosine wave with an angular frequency of π4 radians/sample.

input = cos(pi/4*(0:39)');

Decimate the cosine signal using the FIR halfband decimator.

output = hbFIR(input);

Plot the original and decimated signals. In order to plot the two signals in the same plot, you must account for the output delay of the FIR halfband decimator and the scaling introduced by the filter. Use the outputDelay function to compute the delay introduced by the decimator. Shift the output by this delay value.

Visualize the input and the resampled signals. After a short transition, the output converges to a cosine of frequency π2, as expected, which is twice the frequency of the input signal, π4. Due to the decimation factor of 2, the output samples coincide with every other input sample.

[delay,FsOut] = outputDelay(hbFIR,FsIn=1)
delay = 
24

FsOut = 
0.5000

nInput = (0:length(input)-1);
tOutput = (0:length(output)-1)/FsOut-delay;
stem(tOutput,output,'filled',MarkerSize=4); hold on;
stem(nInput,input); hold off;
xlim([-10,15])
legend('Decimated by 2','Input signal','Location','best');

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object contains 2 objects of type stem. These objects represent Decimated by 2, Input signal.

Input Arguments

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Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Example: designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=30,TransitionWidth=0.3,Passband='lowpass')

Order of the halfband FIR filter, N, specified as one of these:

  • Positive even integer when you set PhaseConstraint to "linear" (linear-phase Kaiser design).

  • Positive odd integer when you set PhaseConstraint to "minimum" (minimum-phase design) or "maximum" (maximum-phase design).

This property is tunable in code generation when you set DesignMethod to 'kaiser' and PhaseConstraint to "linear". (since R2024b)

Data Types: single | double | int8 | int16 | int32 | int64 | uint8 | uint16 | uint32 | uint64

Transition width of the halfband FIR filter, TW, specified as a normalized scalar in the range (0,1].

To enable this property, set PhaseConstraint to "linear". (since R2024b)

Data Types: single | double

Stopband attenuation of the halfband FIR filter, Ast, specified as a positive scalar in dB units.

To enable this property, set PhaseConstraint to "linear". (since R2024b)

Data Types: single | double

Window design method, specified as one of these options:

  • 'auto' –– When you do not specify a window design method or specify 'auto', the function automatically chooses the best design method for the given specification parameters.

  • 'kaiser' –– Kaiser method supports all the design specification combinations but only the "linear" phase design.

    Here is the list of all the design specification combinations the function supports:

  • 'equiripple' –– Equiripple method supports all the design specification combinations and all the phase response types.

    For minimum- and maximum-phase designs, DesignMethod must be "equiripple". (since R2024b)

  • 'ls' –– Least squares method supports the filter order (N) and transition width (TW) specifications, and the "linear" phase design.

For more information on the filter design methods, see Algorithms.

Data Types: char | string

Passband frequency response, specified as one of these:

  • 'lowpass' –– This option supports all three filter structures.

  • 'highpass' –– This option supports only the 'single-rate' filter structure.

Data Types: char | string

Since R2024b

Phase response type of the filter design, specified as one of these:

  • "linear" –– Linear-phase design

  • "minimum" –– Minimum-phase design

  • "maximum" –– Maximum-phase design

For more information, see Minimum and Maximum Phase Filters.

Data Types: char | string

Since R2024b

Data type of the filter coefficients, specified by type name as "double" or "single".

You can use the Dataype or the like argument to specify the data type of the filter coefficients, but you cannot use both arguments at the same time.

If you specify the data type of the filter coefficients using this argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments.

Data Types: char | string

Since R2024b

Data type of the filter coefficients, specified as a prototype of a real floating-point value.

You can use the Dataype or the like argument to specify the data type of filter coefficients, but you cannot use both arguments at the same time.

If you specify the data type of the filter coefficients using this argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments.

Example: B = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=N,TransitionWidth=TW,like=single(N))

Example: N = single(110); B = designHalfbandFIR(FilterOrder=N,TransitionWidth=TW,like=N)

Data Types: single | double

Option to create a filter System object, specified as one of these:

  • false –– The function returns a vector of FIR filter coefficients.

  • true –– The function returns a filter object depending on the settings of the Structure and PhaseConstraint arguments. For more information, see the description for output argument B.

Data Types: logical

Filter structure, specified as one of these:

  • 'single-rate' –– Single-rate filter

  • 'decim' –– Decimation filter

  • 'interp' –– Interpolation filter

The function returns a vector of filter coefficients or a filter object with the structure that you specify in this argument. For more information, see the description for output argument B.

Data Types: char | string

Option to print the entire function call in MATLAB, specified as one of these:

  • false –– The function does not print the function call.

  • true –– The function prints the entire function call including the default values of the Name=Value arguments that you did not specify when calling the function.

    Use this argument to view all the values used by the function to design and implement the filter.

Data Types: logical

Output Arguments

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Output filter, returned as one of these:

  • Row vector –– The function returns a row vector of length FilterOrder + 1 when you set the SystemObject argument to false.

    If you specify any of the input arguments in single-precision, the function designs filter coefficients in single precision. (since R2024a)

    If you specify the data type using the Datatype or the like argument, the function ignores the data types of the other numeric arguments. (since R2024b)

  • Filter object –– The function returns a filter object depending on the settings of the Structure and PhaseConstraint arguments. For more information, see the following table.

    Filter objectStructurePhaseConstraint
    dsp.FIRFilter'single-rate'

    "linear", "minimum" (since R2024b), or "maximum" (since R2024b)

    dsp.FIRHalfbandInterpolator'interp'"linear"
    dsp.FIRHalfbandDecimator'decim'"linear"

    dsp.FIRInterpolator (since R2024b)

    		'interp'

    "minimum" or "maximum" (since R2024b)

    dsp.FIRDecimator (since R2024b)

    		'decim'

    "minimum" or "maximum" (since R2024b)

Data Types: single | double

More About

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Halfband Filters

The function designs a halfband filter when you set PhaseConstraint to "linear".

An ideal lowpass halfband filter is given by

h(n)=12π∫−π/2π/2ejωndω=sin(π2n)πn.

An ideal filter is not realizable. However, the impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter possesses some important properties that are required in a realizable approximation. The impulse response of an ideal lowpass halfband filter is:

  • Equal to 0 for all even-indexed samples.

  • Equal to 1/2 at n=0 as shown by L'Hôpital's rule on the continuous-valued equivalent of the discrete-time impulse response

The ideal highpass halfband filter is given by

g(n)=12π∫−π−π/2ejωndω+12π∫π/2πejωndω.

Evaluating this integral yields the impulse response

g(n)=sin(πn)πn−sin(π2n)πn.

The impulse response of an ideal highpass halfband filter is:

  • Equal to 0 for all even-indexed samples

  • Equal to 1/2 at n=0

The FIR halfband filter uses a causal FIR approximation of the ideal halfband response. The approximation is based on minimizing the ℓ∞ norm of the error (minimax). See Algorithms for more information.

Kaiser Window

Kaiser design method supports only the "linear" phase design.

The designHalfbandFIR function computes the coefficients of a Kaiser window using the equation

w(n)=I0(β1−(n−N/2N/2)2)I0(β),  0≤n≤N,

where I0 is the zeroth-order modified Bessel function of the first kind.

To obtain a Kaiser window that represents an FIR filter with stopband attenuation of α dB, use this β.

β={0.1102(α−8.7),α>500.5842(α−21)0.4+0.07886(α−21),50≥α≥210,α<21

The filter order n is given by

n=α−7.952.285(Δω),

where Δω is the transition width.

Minimum and Maximum Phase Filters

A filter is a minimum phase filter if all its poles and zeros are inside the unit circle. These filters and their inverses are causal and stable. Minimum phase filters have a smaller group delay compared to linear-phase filters and a more concentrated energy towards the beginning of the impulse response.

A filter is a maximum phase filter if its poles and zeros are outside the unit circle. Such filters are stable and anti-causal. The energy of the impulse response is maximally concentrated towards the end of the impulse response.

For an example that compares maximum and minimum phase filters, see Design Minimum-Phase and Maximum-Phase Halfband Filters.

Algorithms

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Filter Design Method

The designHalfbandFIR function uses the equiripple, Kaiser, or the least-squares linear phase window method to design the FIR halfband filter. If you set PhaseConstraint to "minimum" or "maximum", the function uses the equiripple design method.

When the design constraints are tight, such as very high stopband attenuation or very narrow transition width, use the Kaiser window method. If you are not sure of which method to use, set the design method to "auto". In this mode, the algorithm automatically chooses a design method that optimally meets the specified filter constraints.

Linear Phase Equiripple Design

In the equiripple method, the algorithm uses a minimax (minimize the maximum error) FIR design to design a fullband linear phase filter with the desired specifications. The algorithm upsamples a fullband filter to replace the even-indexed samples of the filter with zeros and creates a halfband filter. It then sets the filter tap corresponding to the group delay of the filter in samples to 1/2. This yields a causal linear phase FIR filter approximation to the ideal halfband filter defined in Halfband Filters. See [1] for a description of this filter design method using the Remez exchange algorithm. As you can design a filter using this approximation method with a constant ripple both in the passband and stopband, the filter is also known as the equiripple filter.

Linear Phase Kaiser Window Design

When you choose the DesignMethod to "kaiser", the function designs a linear-phase filter with the Kaiser window design method.

In the Kaiser window method, the algorithm first truncates the ideal halfband filter defined in Halfband Filters, then it applies a Kaiser window defined in Kaiser Window. This yields a causal linear phase FIR filter approximation to the ideal halfband filter.

Least-Squares Linear Phase FIR Filter Design

The function designs a linear phase FIR filter by minimizing the weighted, integrated, and squared error between the magnitude response of the ideal halfband filter and the filter designed for the given set of specifications. For more information, see [3].

Minimum or Maximum Phase Equiripple Design

When you set PhaseConstraint to "minimum" or "maximum", the function designs a minimum phase or maximum phase FIR halfband filter using the equiripple method.

The function produces a minimum phase and maximum phase filter designs through factorization of a linear-phase filter. The function first designs a linear-phase halfband FIR based on the specifications that you provide, and shifts the gain to avoid negative magnitude values. That linear-phase design is then broken into a product of a minimum phase FIR halfband filter and a maximum phase FIR halfband filter. Maximum phase filter designs are obtained by flipping the minimum phase design coefficients.

For more information on the algorithm, see [5].

References

[1] Harris, F.J. Multirate Signal Processing for Communication Systems, Prentice Hall, 2004, pp. 208–209.

[2] Orfanidis, Sophocles J. Introduction to Signal Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1996.

[3] Oppenheim, Alan V., Ronald W. Schafer, and John R. Buck. Discrete-Time Signal Processing. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999.

[4] Parks, Thomas W., and C. Sidney Burrus. Digital Filter Design. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 1987, pp. 54–83.

[5] Mitra, Sanjit Kumar, and James F. Kaiser, eds. Handbook for Digital Signal Processing. New York: Wiley, 1993.

Extended Capabilities

Version History

Introduced in R2023b

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See Also

Functions

Objects