rationalfit

Approximate data using stable rational function object

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Syntax

fit = rationalfit

fit = rationalfit(freq,data)

fit = rationalfit(s)

fit = rationalfit(filename)

fit = rationalfit(___,tol)

fit = rationalfit(s,i,j)

fit = rationalfit(___,Name=Value)

[fit,errdb] = rationalfit(___)

Description

The rationalfit function uses vector fitting with complex frequencies to perform rational fitting on a complex frequency-dependent data. The rationalfit returns an rfmodel.rational object. The fit of the each element of the rationalfit function is given by this equation:

$\begin{array}{l} F (s) = (\frac{C (1)}{S - A (1)} + \frac{C (2)}{S - A (2)} + ... + \frac{C (n)}{S - A (n)} + D) * e^{(- S * d e l a y * d e l a y f a c t o r)} \\ Where \\ A Poles of the rationalfit function \\ C Residues of the rationalfit function \\ D Frequency response offset \\ Delay Frequency response time delay \\ S Complex frequencies (j * 2 π * f r e q * d a t a) \end{array}$

Note

rational is recommend over rationalfit because it enables faster simulation and improved fitting of complex frequency-dependent data. (since R2023b)

fit = rationalfit creates a non-reflective one-port rationalfit object with default properties.

fit = rationalfit(freq,data) performs rational fitting for the given frequency vector freq and network parameter data data.

example

fit = rationalfit(s) performs rational fitting for the N-port S-parameters object s.

fit = rationalfit(filename) performs rational fitting of network data in the file specified in filename.

fit = rationalfit(___,tol) strives to satisfy the relative error tolerance tol when performing rational fit.

fit = rationalfit(s,i,j) performs the rational fitting only on the (i,j)^thelement of the N-port sparameters object s.

example

fit = rationalfit(___,Name=Value) specifies options to control aspects of fit. For example, fit = rationalfit(s,PoleSharing='Column') shares the poles by S-parameter column terms for the fit. Specify name-value arguments after any of the input arguments from the previous syntaxes.

[fit,errdb] = rationalfit(___)also returns the error of the fit errdb.

Examples

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Rational Function Approximation of S-parameter Data

Open Live Script

Fit a rational function object to S-parameter data, and compare the results by plotting the object against the data.

Read the S-parameter data into an RF data object.

orig_data = read(rfdata.data,'passive.s2p');
freq = orig_data.Freq;
data = orig_data.S_Parameters(1,1,:);

Fit a rational function to the data using rationalfit.

fit_data = rationalfit(freq,data)

fit_data = 
   rfmodel.rational with properties:

        A: [19×1 double]
        C: [19×1 double]
        D: 0
    Delay: 0
     Name: 'Rational Function'

Compute the frequency response of the rational function using freqresp.

[resp,freq] = freqresp(fit_data,freq);

Plot the magnitude of the original data against the rational function approximation. $S_{11}$ data appears in blue, and the rational function appears in red. Scaling the frequency values by 1e9 converts them to units of GHz.

figure
title('Rational fitting of S11 magnitude')
plot(orig_data,'S11','dB')
hold on
plot(freq/1e9,20*log10(abs(resp)),'r');

$Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Freq [GHz], ylabel Magnitude (decibels) contains 2 objects of type line. This object represents S_{11}.$

Plot the angle of the original data against the rational function approximation.

figure
title('Rational fitting of S11 angle')
plot(orig_data,'S11','Angle (radians)')
hold on
plot(freq/1e9,unwrap(angle(resp)),'r')

$Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Freq [GHz], ylabel Angle (radians) contains 2 objects of type line. This object represents S_{11}.$

Rational Function Approximation of S-parameters

Open Live Script

rationalfit(freq,data) also handles input 3D array of data (n x n x p), an input frequency array (p x 1), and returns a matrix (n x n) of rationalfit objects. Index into the matrix of rationalfit objects to access corresponding rationalfit information.

Use rationalfit on multiple datasets defined in a matrix.

orig_data = sparameters('defaultbandpass.s2p'); 
data = orig_data.Parameters; 
freq = orig_data.Frequencies;
fit_data = rationalfit(freq, data)

fit_data = 
  2x2 rfmodel.rational array with properties:

    A
    C
    D
    Delay
    Name

To access rationalfit data, use indexing on the rationalfit array. For example, to access the rational fit for the 1st element of the matrix, use:

S = fit_data(1, 1)

S = 
   rfmodel.rational with properties:

        A: [12×1 double]
        C: [12×1 double]
        D: 0
    Delay: 0
     Name: 'Rational Function'

Calculate Relative Error Tolerance of Fit

Open Live Script

Create a sparameter object from the file passive.s2p.

S = sparameters('passive.s2p');

Use the rationalfit object to fit a sparameter object and calculate the relative error tolerance of the fit.

[fit,errdB] = rationalfit(S,1,1,'TendsToZero',false)

fit = 
   rfmodel.rational with properties:

        A: [5×1 double]
        C: [5×1 double]
        D: -0.4843
    Delay: 0
     Name: 'Rational Function'

errdB = 
-40.6263

Input Arguments

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`freq` — Nonnegative frequencies
vector

Nonnegative frequencies, specified as a vector of nonnegative frequencies in Hz.

Data Types: double

`data` — Network parameter data
vector | 2-D array | 3-D array

Network parameter data, specified as a vector, a 2-D array or a 3-D array. The length of the data values must equal the length of the frequency values freq.

`tol` — Error tolerance
`-40` (default) | scalar

Error tolerance ε, specified as a scalar in units of dB. The error-fitting equation is

$10^{ε / 20} \geq \frac{\sqrt{\sum_{k = 0}^{n} {| W_{k} F_{0} {f_{k}} - F (s) |}^{2}}}{\sqrt{\sum_{k = 0}^{n} {| W_{k} F_{0} {f_{k}} |}^{2}}}$

where

ε is the specified value of tol.
F₀ is the value of the original data (data) at the specified frequency f_k (freq).
F is the value of the rational function at s = j2πf.
W is the weighting of the data.

Note

Do not specify the tol input argument and Tolerance name-value argument when specifying number of poles of the fit using the NPoles property.
The rationalfit function computes the relative error as a vector containing the dependent values of the fit data. If the object does not fit the original data within the specified tolerance, a warning message appears.

`s` — N-port S-parameters
`sparameters` object

S-parameters, specified as sparameters object.

`filename` — Network data file name
character vector

Network data file name, specified as a character vector. The data file must have .snp file extension (a Touchstone file).

`i` — Row index
positive integer

Row index of data to plot, specified as a positive integer.

`j` — Column index
positive integer

Column index of data to plot, specified as a positive integer.

Name-Value Arguments

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Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: 'DelayFactor',0.2

`DelayFactor` — Delay factor
0 (default) | scalar from 0 to 1

Scaling factor that controls the amount of delay to fit to the data, specified as a scalar between 0 and 1 inclusive. The Delay parameter of the rationalfit function is equal to the specified value of 'DelayFactor' times an estimate of the group delay of the data. If the original data has delay, increasing this value might allow rationalfit to fit the data with a lower-order object.

`IterationLimit` — Maximum number of rational fit iterations
`[4,12]` (default) | two-element vector of positive integers

Maximum number of rationalfit iterations, specified as a two-element vector of positive integers. Provide a two-element vector to specify minimum and maximum [M1 M2] of rational fit iterations. Increasing the limit extends the time that the algorithm takes to produce a fit, but it might produce more accurate results.

`NPoles` — Number of poles
`[0 48]` (default) | nonnegative integer | vector of two nonnegative integers

Number of poles, specified as an nonegative integer or vector of two nonnegative integers.

For an accurate rational fit, choose a maximum value of Npoles greater than or equal to twice the number of peaks on a plot of the data in the frequency domain.

After completing a rational fit, the function removes coefficient sets whose residues (C_k) are zero. Thus, when you specify a range for Npoles, the number of poles of the fit may be less than Npoles(1).

Note

Do not specify tol as one of the inputs or Tolerance as one of the name-value arguments when specifying number of poles of the fit using the NPoles name-value argument.

`TendsToZero` — Asymptotic behavior of fit
`true` (default) | `false`

Asymptotic behavior of the rational function as frequency approaches infinity, specified as a logical value. When this argument is true, the resulting rational function variable D is zero, and the function tends to zero. A value of false allows a nonzero value for D.

`Tolerance` — Error tolerance
-40 (default) | scalar

Error tolerance ε, specified as the comma-separated pair consisting of 'Tolerance' and a scalar in units of dB. The error-fitting equation is

$10^{ε / 20} \geq \frac{\sqrt{\sum_{k = 0}^{n} {| W_{k} F_{0} {f_{k}} - F (s) |}^{2}}}{\sqrt{\sum_{k = 0}^{n} {| W_{k} F_{0} {f_{k}} |}^{2}}}$

where

ε is the specified tolerance.
F₀ is the value of the original data (data) at the specified frequency f_k (freq).
F is the value of the rational function at s = j2πf.
W is the weighting of the data.

Note

Do not specify tol as one of the inputs or Tolerance as one of the name-value arguments when specifying number of poles of the fit using the NPoles name-value argument.
The rationalfit function computes the relative error as a vector containing the dependent values of the fit data. If the object does not fit the original data within the specified tolerance, a warning message appears.

`PoleSharing` — Type of pole sharing
`All` (default) | `Column` | `Individual`

Since R2024a

Type of pole sharing to share the poles of the S-parameters, specified as one of the following:

All — Share all the poles of the S-parameters.
Column — Share the poles by S-parameter column terms.
Individual — Share the poles individually by S-parameter terms.

Data Types: char | string

`WaitBar` — Graphical wait bar
`false` (default) | `true`

Logical value that toggles display of the graphical wait bar during fitting, specified as either true or false. The true setting shows the graphical wait bar, and the false setting hides it. If you expect rationalfit to take a long time, and you want to monitor its progress, set 'WaitBar' to true.

`Weight` — Weighting of data
`ones(size(freq))` (default) | vector of positive numbers

Weighting of the data at each frequency, specified as a vector of positive numbers or an array same as that of the data. Each entry in weight corresponds to a frequency in freq, so the length of weight must be equal to the length of freq. Increasing the weight at a particular frequency improves the object fitting at that frequency.

Note

Specifying a weight of 0 at a particular frequency causes rationalfit to ignore the corresponding data point.

Output Arguments

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`fit` — Rational function object
`rfmodel.rational` object

One or more rational function objects, returned as an N-by-N rfmodel.rational object. The number of dimensions in data determines the dimensionality of h.

`errdb` — Relative error
double

Relative error achieved, returned as a double, in dB.

Tips

To see how well the object fits the original data, use the freqresp function to compute the frequency response of the object. Then, plot the original data and the frequency response of the rational function object. For more information, see the freqresp reference page or the above examples.

References

[1] Gustavsen.B and A.Semlyen, “Rational approximation of frequency domain responses by vector fitting,” IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 1052–1061, July 1999.

[2] Zeng.R and J. Sinsky, “Modified Rational Function Modeling Technique for High Speed Circuits,” IEEE MTT-S Int. Microwave Symp. Dig., San Francisco, CA, June 11–16, 2006.

Version History

Introduced in R2006b

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R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rational` object

You can now use the new PoleSharing name-value argument of the rational object to share all poles of the S-parameters or share the poles individually by S-parameter terms, or by S-parameter column terms. The rational object by default shares all poles of the S-parameters.

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rationalfit` object

You can now use the new PoleSharing property of the rationalfit object to share all poles of the S-parameters or share the poles individually by S-parameter terms, or by S-parameter column terms. The rationalfit object by default shares all poles of the S-parameters.

rationalfit

Syntax

Description

Examples

Rational Function Approximation of S-parameter Data

Rational Function Approximation of S-parameters

Calculate Relative Error Tolerance of Fit

Input Arguments

`freq` — Nonnegative frequencies
vector

`data` — Network parameter data
vector | 2-D array | 3-D array

`tol` — Error tolerance
`-40` (default) | scalar

`s` — N-port S-parameters
`sparameters` object

`filename` — Network data file name
character vector

`i` — Row index
positive integer

`j` — Column index
positive integer

Name-Value Arguments

`DelayFactor` — Delay factor
0 (default) | scalar from 0 to 1

`IterationLimit` — Maximum number of rational fit iterations
`[4,12]` (default) | two-element vector of positive integers

`NPoles` — Number of poles
`[0 48]` (default) | nonnegative integer | vector of two nonnegative integers

`TendsToZero` — Asymptotic behavior of fit
`true` (default) | `false`

`Tolerance` — Error tolerance
-40 (default) | scalar

`PoleSharing` — Type of pole sharing
`All` (default) | `Column` | `Individual`

`WaitBar` — Graphical wait bar
`false` (default) | `true`

`Weight` — Weighting of data
`ones(size(freq))` (default) | vector of positive numbers

Output Arguments

`fit` — Rational function object
`rfmodel.rational` object

`errdb` — Relative error
double

Tips

References

Version History

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rational` object

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rationalfit` object

See Also

Topics

rationalfit

Syntax

Description

Examples

Rational Function Approximation of S-parameter Data

Rational Function Approximation of S-parameters

Calculate Relative Error Tolerance of Fit

Input Arguments

freq — Nonnegative frequencies vector

data — Network parameter data vector | 2-D array | 3-D array

tol — Error tolerance -40 (default) | scalar

s — N-port S-parameters sparameters object

filename — Network data file name character vector

i — Row index positive integer

j — Column index positive integer

Name-Value Arguments

DelayFactor — Delay factor 0 (default) | scalar from 0 to 1

IterationLimit — Maximum number of rational fit iterations [4,12] (default) | two-element vector of positive integers

NPoles — Number of poles [0 48] (default) | nonnegative integer | vector of two nonnegative integers

TendsToZero — Asymptotic behavior of fit true (default) | false

Tolerance — Error tolerance -40 (default) | scalar

PoleSharing — Type of pole sharing All (default) | Column | Individual

WaitBar — Graphical wait bar false (default) | true

Weight — Weighting of data ones(size(freq)) (default) | vector of positive numbers

Output Arguments

fit — Rational function object rfmodel.rational object

errdb — Relative error double

Tips

References

Version History

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using rational object

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using rationalfit object

See Also

Topics

`freq` — Nonnegative frequencies
vector

`data` — Network parameter data
vector | 2-D array | 3-D array

`tol` — Error tolerance
`-40` (default) | scalar

`s` — N-port S-parameters
`sparameters` object

`filename` — Network data file name
character vector

`i` — Row index
positive integer

`j` — Column index
positive integer

`DelayFactor` — Delay factor
0 (default) | scalar from 0 to 1

`IterationLimit` — Maximum number of rational fit iterations
`[4,12]` (default) | two-element vector of positive integers

`NPoles` — Number of poles
`[0 48]` (default) | nonnegative integer | vector of two nonnegative integers

`TendsToZero` — Asymptotic behavior of fit
`true` (default) | `false`

`Tolerance` — Error tolerance
-40 (default) | scalar

`PoleSharing` — Type of pole sharing
`All` (default) | `Column` | `Individual`

`WaitBar` — Graphical wait bar
`false` (default) | `true`

`Weight` — Weighting of data
`ones(size(freq))` (default) | vector of positive numbers

`fit` — Rational function object
`rfmodel.rational` object

`errdb` — Relative error
double

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rational` object

R2024a: Share poles of S-parameters using `rationalfit` object