PWM Generator (Three-phase, Two-level)
生成三相、两电平脉冲宽度调制波形
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Pulse Width Modulation
描述
PWM Generator (Three-phase, Two-level) 模块控制三相、两电平功率转换器的开关行为。该模块：
根据以下模块输入计算导通和关断门控时间：
三个正弦参考电压，每相一个
DC 链路电压
使用门控时间生成六个开关控制脉冲。
使用门控时间生成调制波形。
连续和不连续 PWM
该模块提供连续和不连续脉冲宽度调制 (PWM) 模式。下图显示了连续正弦 PWM (SPWM) 和连续空间矢量调制 (SVM) 波形之间的一般区别。
对于不连续 PWM (DPWM)，该模块在每个基本周期内将调制波钳制到正 DC 轨或负 DC 轨上，总共 120 度。在钳位区间内，调制会中断。
一个具有 30 度 DPWM 的波形在每个基本周期有四个 30 度区间。
选择正向或负向 30 度相移会影响 60 度 DPWM 的钳位区间。
下图显示了 120 度 DPWM 的正 DC 钳位和负 DC 钳位波形。
采样模式
使用此模块，您可以选择对调制波进行自然采样、对称采样或非对称采样。
PWM Generator (Three-phase, Two-level) 模块并不执行基于载波的 PWM。相反，该模块使用输入信号来计算门控时间，然后使用这些门控时间来生成要输出的开关控制脉冲和调制波形。
但是，基于载波的 PWM 有助于说明您选择的采样模式与模块生成的脉冲导通和关断行为之间的关系。基于载波的两电平 PWM 发生器可用于执行以下操作：
对参考波进行采样。
将样本与三角载波进行比较。
如果采样值高于载波信号，则生成导通脉冲；如果采样值低于载波波形，则生成关断脉冲。
为确定导通和关断脉冲行为，基于载波的两电平 PWM 发生器会使用以下方法对三角波进行采样：
自然采样 - 采样和比较发生在调制波和载波的交点处。
非对称采样 - 采样发生在载波的上边界和下边界。比较发生在采样后的交点处。
对称采样 - 采样仅发生在载波的上边界。比较发生在采样后的交点处。
过调制
调制指数用于衡量功率转换器输出给定电压的能力，定义为：
其中
m 是调制指数。
Vm 是调制波的峰值。
Vc 是三角载波的峰值。
对于三相 SPWM：
其中
Vpeak 是相-中性电压基础分量的峰值。
vdc 是 DC 链路电压。
对于三相空间矢量 PWM (SVM) 和 DPWM：
在正常稳态运行下，0 <m ≤ 1。如果某个瞬变（例如负载增加）导致 Vm 的振幅超过 Vc 的振幅，则会发生过调制 (m > 1)。
如果发生过调制，功率转换器的输出电压会被钳制到正 DC 轨或负 DC 轨上。
在三相两电平 PWM 发生器示例中，Two-Level Controller 子系统包含一个 400 V 的 DC 链路输入，调制指数 m 为 0.8。对于 SPWM，最大输入电压为 400 V/2，即 200 V。为了演示过调制，在仿真开始时添加了一个瞬变。该瞬变迫使参考电压的振幅超过了 DC 链路电压的一半。为了突出显示过调制，示波器仅包含六个输出脉冲中一个脉冲的仿真结果，以及 a 相参考电压、调制波形和输出电压的仿真结果。
调制指数在 0.03 至 0.09 秒之间大于一。在过调制期间：
脉冲保持在导通或关断位置。
输出电压 Vao 被钳制到正 DC 轨或负 DC 轨上。
示例
异步电机标量控制
此示例展示了如何使用标量 V/f 控制方法控制异步电机 (ASM) 驱动装置中的转子转速。转换器将参考转速转换为参考电频率。控制器通过标量 V/f 控制保持恒定的电压频率比，根据参考频率生成参考电压。
电动发动机测功机
此示例展示了如何对电动汽车测功机测试进行建模。测试环境包含一台异步电机 (ASM) 和一台内置式永磁同步电机 (IPMSM)，它们通过机械轴背靠背连接。这两台电机均由高压电池通过受控三相转换器供电。由功率为 164 kW 的 ASM 产生负载转矩。功率为 35 kW 的 IPMSM 是在测电机。Control Machine Under Test (IPMSM) 子系统控制 IPMSM 的转矩。该控制器包括基于 PI 的多速率控制结构。开环转矩控制的速率低于闭环电流控制的速率。控制器的任务调度以 Stateflow® 状态机的形式实现。Control Load Machine (ASM) 子系统使用单速率来控制 ASM 的转速。Visualization 子系统包含示波器，可用于查看仿真结果。
48 V 起动发电机中的能量平衡
An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) used as a starter/generator in a simplified 48V automotive system. The system contains a 48V electric network and a 12V electric network. The internal combustion engine (ICE) is represented by basic mechanical blocks. The IPMSM operates as a motor until the ICE reaches the idle speed and then it operates as a generator. The IPMSM supplies power to the 48V network, which contains the R3 power consumer. The 48V network supplies power to the 12V network which has two consumers: R1 and R2. The total simulation time (t) is 0.5 seconds. At t = 0.05 seconds, the ICE turns on. At t = 0.1 seconds, R3 switches on. At t = 0.3 seconds, R2 switches on and increases the load on the 12V electric network. The EM Controller subsystem includes a multi-rate PI-based cascade control structure which has an outer voltage-control loop and two inner current-control loops. The task scheduling in the Control subsystem is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The DCDC Controller subsystem implements a simple PI controller for the DC-DC Buck converter, which feeds the 12V network. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
HESM 转矩控制
Control the torque in a hybrid excitation synchronous machine (HESM) based electrical-traction drive. Permanent magnets and an excitation winding excite the HESM. A high-voltage battery feeds the SM through a controlled three-phase converter for the stator windings and through a controlled four quadrant chopper for the rotor winding. An ideal angular velocity source provides the load. The Control subsystem uses an open-loop approach to control the torque and a closed-loop approach to control the current. At each sample instant, the torque request is converted to relevant current references. The current control is PI-based. The simulation uses several torque steps in both the motor and generator modes. The Visualization subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
HESM 速度控制
Control the rotor angular velocity in a hybrid excitation synchronous machine (HESM) based electrical-traction drive. Permanent magnets and an excitation winding excite the HESM. A high-voltage battery feeds the HESM through a controlled three-phase converter for the stator windings and through a controlled four quadrant chopper for the rotor winding. An ideal torque source provides the load. The Control subsystem includes a multi-rate PI-based cascade control structure. The control structure has an outer angular-velocity-control loop and three inner current-control loops. The Visualization subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
IPMSG 电压稳定
Control an Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (IPMSG) based low voltage generator system for a hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). The Control subsystem includes a multi-rate PI-based cascade control structure which has an outer voltage-control loop and two inner current-control loops. The task scheduling in the Control subsystem is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results. An ideal angular velocity source, which represents a combustion engine, drives the IPMSG. The IPMSG supplies low-voltage power to loads R1 and R2. At t = 0.4 seconds, the switch closes, increasing the load.
并联 HEV 中的 IPMSM 转矩控制
A simplified parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) and an internal combustion engine (ICE) provide the vehicle propulsion. The IPMSM operates in both motoring and generating modes. The vehicle transmission and differential are implemented using a fixed-ratio gear-reduction model. The Vehicle Controller subsystem converts the driver inputs into torque commands. The vehicle control strategy is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The ICE Controller subsystem controls the torque of the combustion engine. The Drive Controller subsystem controls the torque of the IPMSM. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
串联 HEV 中的 IPMSM 转矩控制
An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) propelling a simplified series hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). An ideal DCDC converter, connected to a high-voltage battery, feeds the IPMSM through a controlled three-phase converter. A combustion engine driven generator charges the high-voltage battery. The vehicle transmission and differential are implemented using a fixed-ratio gear-reduction model. The Vehicle Controller subsystem converts the driver inputs into relevant commands for the IPMSM and generator. The Drive Controller subsystem controls the torque of the IPMSM. The controller includes a multi-rate PI-based control structure. The rate of the open-loop torque control is slower than the rate of the closed-loop current control. The task scheduling for the controller is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
串并联 HEV 中的 IPMSM 转矩控制
A simplified series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) and an internal combustion engine (ICE) provide the vehicle propulsion. The ICE also uses electric generator to recharge the high-voltage battery during driving. The vehicle transmission and differential are implemented using a fixed-ratio gear-reduction model. The Vehicle Controller subsystem converts the driver inputs into torque commands. The vehicle control strategy is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The ICE Controller subsystem controls the torque of the combustion engine. The Generator Controller subsystem controls the torque of the electric generator. The Drive Controller subsystem controls the torque of the IPMSM. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
轴驱动 HEV 中的 IPMSM 转矩控制
An interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) propelling a simplified axle-drive electric vehicle. A high-voltage battery feeds the IPMSM through a controlled three-phase converter. The IPMSM operates in both motoring and generating modes. The vehicle transmission and differential are implemented using a fixed-ratio gear reduction model. The Vehicle Controller subsystem converts the driver inputs into a relevant torque command. The Drive Controller subsystem controls the torque of the IPMSM. The controller includes a multi-rate PI-based control structure. The rate of the open-loop torque control is slower than the rate of the closed-loop current control. The task scheduling for the controller is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The Scopes subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
IPMSM 速度控制
此示例展示了如何控制基于内置式永磁同步电机 (IPMSM) 的汽车电力牵引驱动装置中的转子角转速。高压电池通过受控三相转换器为 IPMSM 供电。IPMSM 根据负载以电机模式和发电模式运行。理想转矩源提供负载。Scopes 子系统包含示波器，可用于查看仿真结果。Control 子系统包含基于 PI 的多速率级联控制结构，该结构具有一个外层角速度控制环和两个内层电流控制环。Control 子系统中的任务调度以 Stateflow® 状态机的形式实现。在时长一秒的仿真过程中，角速度需求为 0 rpm、500 rpm、2000 rpm，然后是 3000 rpm。
SM 转矩控制
Control the torque in a synchronous machine (SM) based electrical-traction drive. A high-voltage battery feeds the SM through a controlled three-phase converter for the stator windings and a controlled four quadrant chopper for the rotor winding. An ideal angular velocity source provides the load. The Control subsystem uses an open-loop approach to control the torque and a closed-loop approach to control the current. At each sample instant, the torque request is converted to relevant current references. The current control is PI-based. The simulation uses several torque steps in both motor and generator modes. The task scheduling is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The Visualization subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
SM 速度控制
Control the rotor angular velocity in a synchronous machine (SM) based electrical-traction drive. A high-voltage battery feeds the SM through a controlled three-phase converter for the stator windings and a controlled four quadrant chopper for the rotor winding. An ideal torque source provides the load. The Control subsystem includes a multi-rate PI-based cascade control structure which has an outer angular-velocity-control loop and three inner current-control loops. The task scheduling in the Control subsystem is implemented as a Stateflow® state machine. The Visualization subsystem contains scopes that allow you to see the simulation results.
同步磁阻电机速度控制
此示例展示了如何控制基于同步磁阻电机 (SynRM) 的电力驱动装置中的转子角速度。高压电池通过受控三相转换器为 SynRM 供电。理想转矩源提供负载。Control 子系统包含基于 PI 的多速率级联控制结构。控制结构具有一个外层角速度控制环和两个内层电流控制环。Visualization 子系统包含示波器，可用于查看仿真结果。
带传感器控制的三相异步驱动
此示例展示了如何使用带传感器转子磁场定向控制来控制和分析异步电机 (ASM) 的运行。该模型展示了主电路，以及包含控制、测量和示波器的三个附加子系统。Controls 子系统包含两个控制器：一个用于电网侧转换器 (AC/DC)，另一个用于电机侧转换器 (DC/AC)。Scopes 子系统包含两个示波器：一个用于电网侧转换器，另一个用于 ASM。执行该模型时，频谱分析仪会打开并显示 A 相电源电流的频率数据。
无传感器控制的三相异步驱动
此示例展示了如何使用无传感器转子磁场定向控制来控制和分析异步电机 (ASM) 的运行。该模型展示了主电路，以及包含控制、测量和示波器的三个附加子系统。Controls 子系统包含两个控制器：一个用于电网侧转换器 (AC/DC)，另一个用于电机侧转换器 (DC/AC)。Scopes 子系统包含两个示波器：一个用于电网侧转换器，另一个用于 ASM。执行该模型时，频谱分析仪会打开并显示 A 相电源电流的频率数据。
三相两电平 PWM 发生器
此示例展示了如何使用 PWM 发生器（三相，两电平）来控制转换器。PWM 发生器的输入是参考 AC 波形和 400 V 的 DC 链路电压。控制器波形有一个时间示波器。
端口
输入
输出
参数
参考
[1] Chung, D. W., J. S. Kim, and S. K. Sul. “Unified Voltage Modulation Technique for Real Time Three-Phase Power Conversion.” IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1998, pp. 374–380.
[2] Hava, A. M., R. J. Kerkman, and T. A. Lipo. “Simple Analytical and Graphical Methods for Carrier-Based PWM-VSI Drives.” IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 14, No. 1, 1999, pp. 49–61.
扩展功能
版本历史记录
在 R2016b 中推出
