i am finding an error when i am executing the following code. kindly help me out?

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chaitanya g p 2016-4-22

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此问题的直接链接

https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/answers/280377-i-am-finding-an-error-when-i-am-executing-the-following-code-kindly-help-me-out

编辑： Jan 2016-4-22

采纳的回答： Jan

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error in 91 line.

DWT - SVD Watermarking

     function [psnr_values, psnr2dB_values] = dwt_svd()
     % clear workspace
     clear all;
     close all;
     clc;
     %change directory
     folder_name = uigetdir(pwd, 'Select Directory Where the .m Files Reside');
     if ( folder_name ~= 0 )
         if ( strcmp(pwd, folder_name) == 0 )
             cd(folder_name);
         end
     else
         return;
     end
     % read cover image & watermark logo
     [cover_fname, cover_pthname] = ...
         uigetfile('*.jpg; *.png; *.tif; *.bmp', 'Select the Cover Image');
     if (cover_fname ~= 0)
         cover_image = strcat(cover_pthname, cover_fname);
         cover_image = double( rgb2gray( imread( cover_image ) ) );
         cover_image = imresize(cover_image, [512 512], 'bilinear');
     else
         return;
     end
     [watermark_fname, watermark_pthname] = ...
         uigetfile('*.jpg; *.png; *.tif; *.bmp', 'Select the Watermark Logo');
     if (watermark_fname ~= 0)
         watermark_logo = strcat(watermark_pthname, watermark_fname);
         watermark_logo = double( im2bw( rgb2gray( imread( watermark_logo ) ) ) );
         watermark_logo = imresize(watermark_logo, [512 512], 'bilinear');
     else
         return;
     end
     % Set constant variables
     numOfKeys = 20;
     gaussian_plot = true;
     print_figures = false;
     if (gaussian_plot == false)
         secret_key = 3; % random secret key
         watermarked_image = watermark_embedding(cover_image, watermark_logo, ...
             secret_key, print_figures);
         watermark_extraction(watermarked_image, watermark_logo, secret_key, ...
             print_figures, true);
     else
         % Set function parameters to not print any plots and not to do any
         % signature authentication
         %     print_figures = false;
         % Pre-allocate matrices
         psnr_values = zeros(1, numOfKeys);
         psnr2dB_values = zeros(1, numOfKeys);
         decoded_correct = zeros(1, numOfKeys);
         decoded_wrong = zeros(1, numOfKeys);
         %     [m, n] = size(watermark_logo);
         %     correctWatermarkDiff = zeros(1, m*n);
         wrongWatermarkDiff = zeros(1, length(watermark_logo));
         for key = 1:numOfKeys
             % Embedding with the right key
             [watermarked_image, original_signature] = ...
                 watermark_embedding(cover_image, watermark_logo, key, print_figures);
             watermarked_images_dir = strcat(pwd, '\watermarked_images\', num2str(key), '.png');
             imwrite(uint8(watermarked_image), watermarked_images_dir, 'png');
              % Transform the original watermrak (i.e. the original signature) to
             % the interval [-1, 1]
             original_signature(find(original_signature == 0)) = -1;
             % Measure the degree of distortion of the original and the watermarked
             % image using PSNR (dB)
             psnr_values(key) = psnr(cover_image, watermarked_image);
             psnr2dB_values(key) = pow2db(psnr_values(key));
             % Detection with the right key, message_correct is actually the
             % watermark_logo because in essence that's what I'm hidding in the
             % cover image. Whereas the watermark_correct is actually the signature
             % which helps in the detection of false acceptance and false
             % rejection
             [~, ~, recon_sig_corr, LL4, HH4] = ...
                 watermark_extraction(watermarked_image, watermark_logo, key, ...
                 print_figures, true);
             % transform the watermark_correct(i.e. the reconstructed_signature)
             % and the watermark_wrong(i.e. the wrong reconstructed signature)
             % to the interval [-1, 1]
             recon_sig_corr(find(recon_sig_corr == 0)) = -1;
             LL4 = LL4(:)';
             HH4 = HH4(:)';
             LL4 = LL4 - mean(LL4);
             HH4 = HH4 - mean(HH4);
             comb_HH4_LL4 = [LL4 HH4];
     %         decoded_correct(key) = (abs(comb_HH4_LL4) * recon_sig_corr')/512^2;
     %         decoded_correct(key) = sum(comb_HH4_LL4 .* recon_sig_corr)/512^2;
             % Detection with the wrong key
             [~, watermark_wrong, recon_sig_wrng, LL4wr, HH4wr] = ...
                 watermark_extraction(watermarked_image, watermark_logo, key+11, ...
                 print_figures, false);
             watermark_wrong(find(watermark_wrong == 0)) = -1;
             LL4wr = LL4wr(:)';
             HH4wr = HH4wr(:)';
             LL4wr = LL4wr - mean(LL4wr);
             HH4wr = HH4wr - mean(HH4wr);
             combwr_HH4_LL4 = [LL4wr HH4wr];
     %         decoded_wrong(key) = (abs(combwr_HH4_LL4) * watermark_wrong')/512^2;
     %         decoded_wrong(key) = sum(watermark_wrong .* original_signature)/512;
             % Keep track of the correlation between the watermark_correct and
             % the watermark_wrong
             correlation_correct  = corrcoef(comb_HH4_LL4, recon_sig_corr);
             decoded_correct(key) = correlation_correct(2, 1);
             correlation_wrong = corrcoef(combwr_HH4_LL4, watermark_wrong);
             decoded_wrong(key) = correlation_wrong(2, 1);
             % Calculate the difference between the correct extracted watermarks and
             % the original watermark and the wrong extracted watermarks and the orignal
             %         correctKeyWatermarkDiff(key, :) = watermark_wrong - original_signature;
             wrongWatermarkDiff(key, :) = watermark_wrong - original_signature;
             clear('watermark_correct', 'comb_HH4_LL4', 'watermark_wrong', ...
                 'combwr_HH4_LL4', 'original_signature', ...
                 'LL4', 'HH4', 'LL4wr', 'HH4wr');
             % Clear workspace
             clear('watermark_logo_row', 'watermark_logo_extracted_correct', ...
                 'watermark_logo_extracted_wrong', 'watermarked_image', ...
                 'watermark_correct', 'watermark_wrong', 'message_correct', ...
                 'message_wrong', 'watermarked_image');
         end
         meanOfDecodCorr = mean(decoded_correct);
         stdOfDecodCorr = std(decoded_correct);
         meanOfDecodWrng = mean(decoded_wrong);
         stdOfDecodWrng = std(decoded_wrong);
         gaussians(meanOfDecodCorr, stdOfDecodCorr, meanOfDecodWrng, stdOfDecodWrng);
         [Pfa, Pfr] = PfaPfr(meanOfDecodCorr, stdOfDecodCorr, meanOfDecodWrng, stdOfDecodWrng, numOfKeys);
         % Measure bit error rate, and plot against threshold T of pfa,
         % where T = pfa/pfr. Or equivalently plot BER & E versus pfa
         BER = BitErrorRate(wrongWatermarkDiff);
     end
     end

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Walter Roberson 2016-4-22

Please show the complete error message.

chaitanya g p 2016-4-22

??? Error: File: dwt_svd.m Line: 91 Column: 11 Expression or statement is incorrect--possibly unbalanced (, {, or [.

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Answer 1

Jan 2016-4-22

1
链接

此回答的直接链接

https://ww2.mathworks.cn/matlabcentral/answers/280377-i-am-finding-an-error-when-i-am-executing-the-following-code-kindly-help-me-out#answer_218954

编辑：Jan 2016-4-22

在 MATLAB Online 中打开

Please read the message. It tells you the exact line (while we can only guess which is the line 91) and even the character, which is the problem: There is a parenthesis, brace or bracket, which is closed before another one was opened. I assume, this problem should be easy to fix.

Perhaps this is the offending line:

[~, ~, recon_sig_corr, LL4, HH4] = ...

If you use an older Matlab version <=R2009a, the "~" are not allowed. Replace this by:

[dummy, dummy, recon_sig_corr, LL4, HH4] = ...

If this is the problem, if appears in the line "[~, watermark_wrong, recon_sig_wrng, LL4wr, HH4wr] = ..." also.

PS. A clear all on the top of a function is a waste of time, energy and power. There is simply no reason for a brutal clearing of an empty workspace.

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chaitanya g p 2016-4-22

在 MATLAB Online 中打开

??? Undefined function or method 'decimalToBinaryVector' for input arguments of type 'double'.

Error in ==> signature_embedding at 51 binary_coefficients{p} = decimalToBinaryVector(integer_part(p), 16);

if true

      %%Signature embedding algorithm
     function LL_inv = signature_embedding(LL, signature, print_figures)
     % 1. Using Haar wavelet, further decompose LL band to the 4th level.
     [LL_1, HL_1, LH_1, HH_1] = dwt2(LL, 'haar');    % 1st step DWT
     [LL_2, HL_2, LH_2, HH_2] = dwt2(LL_1, 'haar');  % 2nd step DWT
     [LL_3, HL_3, LH_3, HH_3] = dwt2(LL_2, 'haar');  % 3rd step DWT
     [LL_4, HL_4, LH_4, HH_4] = dwt2(LL_3, 'haar');  % 4rth step DWT
     if (print_figures == true)
         % Images coding.
         cod_cA = wcodemat(LL_4);
         cod_cH = wcodemat(HL_4);
         cod_cV = wcodemat(LH_4);
         cod_cD = wcodemat(HH_4);
         dec2dim = [cod_cA, cod_cH; cod_cV, cod_cD];
         % Plot 4-th step decomposition
         figure;
         image(dec2dim);
         title('4-th step DWT decomposition');
         clear('dec2dim', 'cod_cA', 'cod_cH', 'cod_cV', 'cod_cD');
     end
     % 1. choose all in total 512 coefficients from LL_4 & HH_4
     % reshape them to row vectors of size 1x256
     LL_4 = reshape(LL_4, 1, length(LL_4)^2);
     HH_4 = reshape(HH_4, 1, length(HH_4)^2);
     % concatenate the above row vectors into a larger row vector of size 1x512
     combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef = [LL_4 HH_4];
     % keep record of the index position of negatives to put back the  sign in
     % inverse process
     negative_idxs =      combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef(logical(combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef)) < 0;
     % keep only the positive integer parts
     % combined_LL4_and_HH4_coeff_posint = round( abs( combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef ) );
     % separate the integer from the decimal fraction
     combined_LL4_and_HH4_coeff_pos = abs(combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef);
     integer_part = fix(combined_LL4_and_HH4_coeff_pos);
     fraction_part = abs(combined_LL4_and_HH4_coeff_pos - integer_part);
     % Convert the integer part into the binary code of L=16 bits.
binary_coefficients = {};
     for p = 1:length(integer_part)
         % binary_coefficients{p} = bitget( uint16( integer_part(p) ), 16:-1:1 );
         binary_coefficients{p} = decimalToBinaryVector(integer_part(p), 16);
     end
     % 2. Replace the n-th bit (10th bit) position of the coefficient with
     % signature bit
     for m = 1:length(signature)
         for n = 1:16
             if (n == 10)
                 binary_coefficients{1, m}(n) = signature(m);
             end
         end
     end
     % and then convert the binary code to its decimal representation
     bin2decimal = zeros(1, length(binary_coefficients));
     for x = 1:length(binary_coefficients)
         bin2decimal(x) = binaryVectorToDecimal(double(binary_coefficients{1, x}));
     end
     % reconstruct orignal array from integer and decimal fraction parts
     % cmb_coef = integer_part + fraction_part;
     bin2decimal = bin2decimal + fraction_part;
     % put back the negative signs
     bin2decimal(find(negative_idxs == 1)) = -     bin2decimal(find(negative_idxs == 1));
     % Clear workspace
     clear('LL_1', 'LL_2', 'LL_3', 'LL_4', 'HH_4', 'combined_LL4_and_HH4_coef',...
    'negative_idxs', 'combined_LL4_and_HH4_coeff_pos', 'integer_part',...
    'fraction_part', 'binary_coefficients', 'signature');
     % reshape the modified LL_4 & HH_4 sub-bands to their original size 16x16
     % each
     LL_4_modified = bin2decimal(1:256);
     HH_4_modified = bin2decimal(257:end);
     LL_4_modified = reshape(LL_4_modified, 16, 16);
     HH_4_modified = reshape(HH_4_modified, 16, 16);
     % Clear workspace
     clear('bin2decimal');
     % 3. Apply the inverse DWT with modified LL4 and HH4 band coefficients.
     LL_3_inv = idwt2(LL_4_modified, HL_4, LH_4, HH_4_modified, 'haar');
     LL_2_inv = idwt2(LL_3_inv, HL_3, LH_3, HH_3, 'haar');
     LL_1_inv = idwt2(LL_2_inv, HL_2, LH_2, HH_2, 'haar');
     LL_inv   = idwt2(LL_1_inv, HL_1, LH_1, HH_1, 'haar');
     % Clear workspace
     clear('LL_1_inv', 'LL_2_inv', 'LL_3_inv', 'LL_4_modified', ...
    'HL_1', 'HL_2', 'HL_3', 'HL_4', ...
    'LH_1', 'LH_2', 'LH_3', 'LH_4', ...
    'HH_1', 'HH_2', 'HH_3', 'HH_4_modified');
     end
end
 binary_coefficients{p} = decimalToBinaryVector(integer_part(p), 16); error here

Jan 2016-4-22

编辑：Jan 2016-4-22

The error "??? Undefined function or method 'decimalToBinaryVector'" means, that you do not have this function in your Matlab path. When such a message appears, asking an internet search engine is a good idea. This reveals, that this function belongs to the Data Acquisition Toolbox: http://www.mathworks.com/help/daq/ref/decimaltobinaryvector.html . Do you have this toolbox? You can write this function by your own easily. Look at dec2bin and omit the final conversion to a char.

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