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slewrate

Slew rate of bilevel waveform

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Syntax

s = slewrate(x)
s = slewrate(x,Fs)
s = slewrate(x,t)
[s,lt,ut] = slewrate(___)
[s,lt,ut,ll,ul] = slewrate(___)
s = slewrate(___,Name,Value)
slewrate(___)

Description

s = slewrate(x) returns the slew rate for all transitions found in the bilevel waveform x. To determine the transitions, the slewrate function estimates the state levels of the input waveform by a histogram method and identifies all regions that cross the upper-state boundary of the low state and the lower-state boundary of the high state.

example

s = slewrate(x,Fs) specifies the sample rate Fs.

example

s = slewrate(x,t) specifies the sample instants t.

example

[s,lt,ut] = slewrate(___) returns the time instants when the waveform crosses the lower-percent reference level lt and upper-percent reference level ut. If you do not specify lower- and upper-percent reference levels, the levels default to 10% and 90%, respectively. You can specify an input combination from any of the previous syntaxes.

example

[s,lt,ut,ll,ul] = slewrate(___) returns the waveform values that correspond to the lower-reference levels ll and upper-reference levels ul.

example

s = slewrate(___,Name,Value) returns the slew rate for all transitions with additional options specified by one or more Name,Value arguments.

slewrate(___) plots the bilevel waveform and darkens the regions of each transition where the slew rate is computed. The plot marks the lower- and upper-reference level crossings and associated reference levels. The plot also indicates the state levels and associated lower and upper tolerances.

example

Examples

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Open Live Script

Use slewrate with no output arguments to plot the slew rate information for a step waveform sampled at 4 MHz.

Load the transitionex.mat file and compute the slew rate. Annotate the slew rate in a plot of the waveform.

load('transitionex.mat','x','t')

slewrate(x,t)

Figure Slew Rate Plot contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Time (seconds), ylabel Level (Volts) contains 12 objects of type patch, line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent slew rate, signal, upper cross, lower cross, upper boundary, upper state, lower boundary, upper reference, lower reference, lower state.

ans = 
1.0310e+07
Open Live Script

Create a bilevel waveform with three transitions, two positive and one negative. The sample rate is 4 MHz. Obtain the slew rates for the three transitions.

load('transitionex.mat','x')
fs = 4e6;

y = [x;fliplr(x)];
t = (0:length(y)-1)/4e6;

S = slewrate(y,t)
S = 3×1
107 ×

    1.0310
   -0.9320
    1.0310

Annotate the result on a plot of the waveform.

slewrate(y,t);

Figure Slew Rate Plot contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Time (seconds), ylabel Level (Volts) contains 12 objects of type patch, line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent slew rate, signal, upper cross, lower cross, upper boundary, upper state, lower boundary, upper reference, lower reference, lower state.

Open Live Script

Return the lower- and upper-transition times for a three-transition waveform sampled at 4 MHz.

load('transitionex.mat','x')
fs = 4e6;

y = [x;fliplr(x)];
t = (0:length(y)-1)/fs;

[~,LT,UT] = slewrate(y,t)
LT = 3×1
10-4 ×

    0.0504
    0.0998
    0.1504


UT = 3×1
10-4 ×

    0.0521
    0.0978
    0.1521

Repeat using the sample rate instead of the time vector.

[~,LT,UT] = slewrate(y,fs)
LT = 3×1
10-4 ×

    0.0504
    0.0998
    0.1504


UT = 3×1
10-4 ×

    0.0521
    0.0978
    0.1521

Annotate the result on a plot of the waveform.

slewrate(y,fs);

Figure Slew Rate Plot contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Time (seconds), ylabel Level (Volts) contains 12 objects of type patch, line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent slew rate, signal, upper cross, lower cross, upper boundary, upper state, lower boundary, upper reference, lower reference, lower state.

Open Live Script

Return the waveform values corresponding to the lower- and upper-reference levels for a three-transition waveform sampled at 4 MHz. Compute these values for 10% and 90%, the default levels.

load("transitionex.mat","x")
fs = 4e6;

y = [x;fliplr(x)];
t = (0:length(y)-1)/fs;

[~,~,~,LL,UL] = slewrate(y,t)
LL = 
0.2212

UL = 
2.0564

Repeat the calculation for 20% and 80%. Annotate the result on a plot of the waveform

slewrate(y,t,PercentReferenceLevels=[20 80]);

Figure Slew Rate Plot contains an axes object. The axes object with xlabel Time (seconds), ylabel Level (Volts) contains 12 objects of type patch, line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers These objects represent slew rate, signal, upper cross, lower cross, upper boundary, upper state, lower boundary, upper reference, lower reference, lower state.

Input Arguments

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Bilevel waveform, specified as a real-valued vector. If the input waveform does not have at least one transition, the function returns an empty matrix. The first time instant in x corresponds to t=0.

Sample rate, specified as a positive real scalar in hertz.

Sample instants, specified as a vector. The length of t must equal the length of the input bilevel waveform x. The sample instants correspond to the indices of the input vector.

Name-Value Arguments

Specify optional pairs of arguments as Name1=Value1,...,NameN=ValueN, where Name is the argument name and Value is the corresponding value. Name-value arguments must appear after other arguments, but the order of the pairs does not matter.

Example: s = slewrate(x,t,Tolerance=5)

Before R2021a, use commas to separate each name and value, and enclose Name in quotes.

Example: s = slewrate(x,t,'Tolerance',5)

Percent reference levels, specified as a 1-by-2 real-valued vector. For more information, see Percent Reference Levels.

Low- and high-state levels, specified as a 1-by-2 real-valued vector. The first element is the low-state level and the second element is the high-state level. If you do not specify StateLevels, the function estimates the state levels from the input waveform using the histogram method.

Tolerance levels (lower and upper state boundaries), specified as a scalar and expressed as a percentage. The low-state and high-state boundaries are expressed as the state level plus or minus a multiple of the difference between the state levels. For more information, see State-Level Tolerances.

Output Arguments

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Slew rate, returned as a vector. A positive slew rate indicates that the upper-percent reference level occurs later than the lower-percent reference level. A negative slew rate indicates that the upper-percent reference level occurs before the lower-percent reference level. The slew rate is the slope of the line connecting the 10% and 90% reference levels.

Time instants when the input signal crosses the lower percent reference level, returned as a vector.

Time instants when the input signal crosses the upper-percent reference level, returned as a vector.

Waveform values at the lower-percent reference level, returned as a vector.

Waveform values at the upper-percent reference level, returned as a vector.

More About

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Percent Reference Levels

If S1 is the low state, S2 is the high state, and U is the upper-percent reference level, then the waveform value corresponding to the upper-percent reference level is

S1+U100(S2−S1).

If L is the lower-percent reference level, the waveform value corresponding to the lower percent reference level is

S1+L100(S2−S1).

Slew Rate

The slew rate is the slope of a line connecting the upper- and lower-percent reference levels. Let tL denote the time instant when the waveform crosses the lower reference level and tU denote the time instant when the waveform crosses the upper percent reference level. Using the definitions for the upper and lower percent reference levels given in Percent Reference Levels, the slew rate is

S1+U100(S2−S1)−{S1+L100(S2−S1)}tU−tL=U−L100S2−S1tU−tL.

When tL occurs earlier than tU, the slew rate is positive. When tU occurs earlier than tL, the slew rate is negative.

State-Level Tolerances

You can specify lower- and upper-state boundaries for each state level. Define the boundaries as the state level plus or minus a scalar multiple of the difference between the high state and the low state. To provide a useful tolerance region, specify the scalar as a small number such as 2/100 or 3/100. In general, the α% region for the low state is defined as

S1±α100(S2-S1),

where S1 is the low-state level and S2 is the high-state level. Replace the first term in the equation with S2 to obtain the α% tolerance region for the high state.

This figure shows lower and upper 5% state boundaries (tolerance regions) for a positive-polarity bi-level waveform. The thick dashed lines indicate the estimated state levels.

0000.png

References

[1] IEEE® Standard on Transitions, Pulses, and Related Waveforms, IEEE Standard 181, 2003.

Extended Capabilities

C/C++ Code Generation
Generate C and C++ code using MATLAB® Coder™.

Version History

Introduced in R2012a

See Also

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