gamultiobj

Find Pareto front of multiple fitness functions using genetic algorithm

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Syntax

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,options)

x =
gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,options)

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,intcon)

x =
gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,intcon,options)

x = gamultiobj(problem)

[x,fval]
= gamultiobj(___)

[x,fval,exitflag,output]
= gamultiobj(___)

[x,fval,exitflag,output,population,scores]
= gamultiobj(___)

Description

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars) finds x on the Pareto Front of the objective functions defined in fun. nvars is the dimension of the optimization problem (number of decision variables). The solution x is local, which means it might not be on the global Pareto front.

Note

Passing Extra Parameters explains how to pass extra parameters to the objective function and nonlinear constraint functions, if necessary.

example

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b) finds a local Pareto set x subject to the linear inequalities $A * x \leq b$ . See Linear Inequality Constraints. gamultiobj supports linear constraints only for the default PopulationType option ('doubleVector').

example

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq) finds a local Pareto set x subject to the linear equalities $A e q * x = b e q$ and the linear inequalities $A * x \leq b$ , see Linear Equality Constraints. (Set A = [] and b = [] if no inequalities exist.) gamultiobj supports linear constraints only for the default PopulationType option ('doubleVector').

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub) defines a set of lower and upper bounds on the design variables x so that a local Pareto set is found in the range lb ≤ x ≤ ub, see Bound Constraints. Use empty matrices for Aeq and beq if no linear equality constraints exist. gamultiobj supports bound constraints only for the default PopulationType option ('doubleVector').

example

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon) finds a Pareto set subject to the constraints defined in nonlcon. The function nonlcon accepts x and returns vectors c and ceq, representing the nonlinear inequalities and equalities respectively. gamultiobj minimizes fun such that c(x) ≤ 0 and ceq(x) = 0. (Set lb = [] and ub = [] if no bounds exist.) gamultiobj supports nonlinear constraints only for the default PopulationType option ('doubleVector').

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,options) or x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,options) finds a Pareto set x with the default optimization parameters replaced by values in options. Create options using optimoptions (recommended) or a structure.

example

x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,intcon) or x = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,intcon,options) requires that the variables listed in intcon take integer values.

Note

When there are integer constraints, gamultiobj does not accept nonlinear equality constraints, only nonlinear inequality constraints.

example

x = gamultiobj(problem) finds the Pareto set for problem, where problem is a structure described in problem.

[x,fval] = gamultiobj(___), for any input variables, returns a matrix fval, the value of all the fitness functions defined in fun for all the solutions in x. fval has nf columns, where nf is the number of objectives, and has the same number of rows as x.

[x,fval,exitflag,output] = gamultiobj(___) returns exitflag, an integer identifying the reason the algorithm stopped, and output, a structure that contains information about the optimization process.

[x,fval,exitflag,output,population,scores] = gamultiobj(___) returns population, whose rows are the final population, and scores, the scores of the final population.

example

Examples

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Simple Multiobjective Problem

Open Live Script

Find the Pareto front for a simple multiobjective problem. There are two objectives and two decision variables x.

fitnessfcn = @(x)[norm(x)^2,0.5*norm(x(:)-[2;-1])^2+2];

Find the Pareto front for this objective function.

rng default % For reproducibility
x = gamultiobj(fitnessfcn,2);

gamultiobj stopped because the average change in the spread of Pareto solutions is less than options.FunctionTolerance.

Plot the solution points.

plot(x(:,1),x(:,2),'ko')
xlabel('x(1)')
ylabel('x(2)')
title('Pareto Points in Parameter Space')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pareto Points in Parameter Space, xlabel x(1), ylabel x(2) contains a line object which displays its values using only markers.

To see the effect of a linear constraint on this problem, see Multiobjective Problem with Linear Constraint.

Multiobjective Problem with Linear Constraint

Open Live Script

This example shows how to find the Pareto front for a multiobjective problem in the presence of a linear constraint.

There are two objective functions and two decision variables x.

fitnessfcn = @(x)[norm(x)^2,0.5*norm(x(:)-[2;-1])^2+2];

The linear constraint is $x (1) + x (2) \leq 1 / 2$ .

A = [1,1];
b = 1/2;

Find the Pareto front.

rng default % For reproducibility
x = gamultiobj(fitnessfcn,2,A,b);

gamultiobj stopped because the average change in the spread of Pareto solutions is less than options.FunctionTolerance.

Plot the constrained solution and the linear constraint.

plot(x(:,1),x(:,2),'ko')
t = linspace(-1/2,2);
y = 1/2 - t;
hold on
plot(t,y,'b--')
xlabel('x(1)')
ylabel('x(2)')
title('Pareto Points in Parameter Space')
hold off

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pareto Points in Parameter Space, xlabel x(1), ylabel x(2) contains 2 objects of type line. One or more of the lines displays its values using only markers

To see the effect of removing the linear constraint from this problem, see Simple Multiobjective Problem.

Multiobjective Optimization with Bound Constraints

Open Live Script

Find the Pareto front for the two fitness functions sin(x) and cos(x) on the interval $0 \leq x \leq 2 π$ .

fitnessfcn = @(x)[sin(x),cos(x)];
nvars = 1;
lb = 0;
ub = 2*pi;
rng default % for reproducibility
x = gamultiobj(fitnessfcn,nvars,[],[],[],[],lb,ub)

gamultiobj stopped because the average change in the spread of Pareto solutions is less than options.FunctionTolerance.

Plot the solution. gamultiobj finds points along the entire Pareto front.

plot(sin(x),cos(x),'r*')
xlabel('sin(x)')
ylabel('cos(x)')
title('Pareto Front')
legend('Pareto front')

Figure contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pareto Front, xlabel sin(x), ylabel cos(x) contains a line object which displays its values using only markers. This object represents Pareto front.

Disconnected Pareto Front

Open Script

Find and plot the Pareto front for the two-objective Schaffer's second function. This function has a disconnected Pareto front.

Copy this code to a function file on your MATLAB® path.

function y = schaffer2(x) % y has two columns

% Initialize y for two objectives and for all x
y = zeros(length(x),2);

% Evaluate first objective. 
% This objective is piecewise continuous.
for i = 1:length(x)
    if x(i) <= 1
        y(i,1) = -x(i);
    elseif x(i) <=3 
        y(i,1) = x(i) -2; 
    elseif x(i) <=4 
        y(i,1) = 4 - x(i);
    else 
        y(i,1) = x(i) - 4;
    end
end

% Evaluate second objective
y(:,2) = (x -5).^2;

Plot the two objectives.

x = -1:0.1:8;
y = schaffer2(x);
plot(x,y(:,1),'r',x,y(:,2),'b');
xlabel x
ylabel 'schaffer2(x)'
legend('Objective 1','Objective 2')

The two objective functions compete for x in the ranges [1,3] and [4,5]. But, the Pareto-optimal front consists of only two disconnected regions, corresponding to the x in the ranges [1,2] and [4,5]. There are disconnected regions because the region [2,3] is inferior to [4,5]. In that range, objective 1 has the same values, but objective 2 is smaller.

Set bounds to keep population members in the range $-5\le x\le 10$ .

lb = -5;
ub = 10;

Set options to view the Pareto front as gamultiobj runs.

options = optimoptions('gamultiobj','PlotFcn',@gaplotpareto);

Call gamultiobj.

rng default % For reproducibility
[x,fval,exitflag,output] = gamultiobj(@schaffer2,1,[],[],[],[],lb,ub,options);

gamultiobj stopped because it exceeded options.MaxGenerations.

Integer `gamultiobj`

Open Live Script

Create a two-objective function in two problem variables.

rng default % For reproducibility
M = diag([-1 -1]) + randn(2)/4; % Two problem variables
fun = @(x)[(x').^2 / 30 + M*x']; % Two objectives

Specify that the second variable must be an integer.

intcon = 2;

Specify problem bounds, the gaplotpareto plot function, and a population size of 100.

lb = [0 0];
ub = [100 50];
options = optimoptions("gamultiobj","PlotFcn","gaplotpareto",...
    "PopulationSize",100);

Find the Pareto set for the problem.

nvars = 2;
A = [];
b = [];
Aeq = [];
beq = [];
nonlcon = [];
[x,fval] = gamultiobj(fun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,nonlcon,intcon,options);

gamultiobj stopped because the average change in the spread of Pareto solutions is less than options.FunctionTolerance.

Figure Genetic Algorithm contains an axes object. The axes object with title Pareto Front, xlabel Objective 1, ylabel Objective 2 contains an object of type scatter.

List ten of the solutions, and notice that the second variable is integer-valued.

x(1:10,:)

ans = 10×2

    8.3393   28.0000
   12.9927   49.0000
    7.1611   27.0000
    7.0210   18.0000
    0.0004   12.0000
    9.0989   44.0000
    9.3974   29.0000
    0.5537   17.0000
    6.4010   17.0000
    7.0531   31.0000

Obtain All Outputs from `gamultiobj`

Open Script

Run a simple multiobjective problem and obtain all available outputs.

Set the random number generator for reproducibility.

rng default

Set the fitness functions to kur_multiobjective, a function that has three control variables and returns two fitness function values.

fitnessfcn = @kur_multiobjective;
nvars = 3;

The kur_multiobjective function has the following code.

function y = kur_multiobjective(x)
%KUR_MULTIOBJECTIVE Objective function for a multiobjective problem. 
%   The Pareto-optimal set for this two-objective problem is nonconvex as
%   well as disconnected. The function KUR_MULTIOBJECTIVE computes two
%   objectives and returns a vector y of size 2-by-1.
%
%   Reference: Kalyanmoy Deb, "Multi-Objective Optimization using
%   Evolutionary Algorithms", John Wiley & Sons ISBN 047187339 

%   Copyright 2007 The MathWorks, Inc.


% Initialize for two objectives 
y = zeros(2,1);

% Compute first objective
for i = 1:2
  y(1) = y(1)  - 10*exp(-0.2*sqrt(x(i)^2 + x(i+1)^2));
end

% Compute second objective
for i = 1:3
   y(2) = y(2) +  abs(x(i))^0.8 + 5*sin(x(i)^3);
end

Set lower and upper bounds on all variables.

ub = [5 5 5];
lb = -ub;

Find the Pareto front and all other outputs for this problem.

[x,fval,exitflag,output,population,scores] = gamultiobj(fitnessfcn,nvars, ...
    [],[],[],[],lb,ub);

gamultiobj stopped because the average change in the spread of Pareto solutions is less than options.FunctionTolerance.

Examine the sizes of some of the returned variables.

sizex = size(x)
sizepopulation = size(population)
sizescores = size(scores)

sizex =

    18     3


sizepopulation =

    50     3


sizescores =

    50     2

The returned Pareto front contains 18 points. There are 50 members of the final population. Each population row has three dimensions, corresponding to the three decision variables. Each scores row has two dimensions, corresponding to the two fitness functions.

Input Arguments

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`fun` — Fitness functions to optimize
function handle | function name

Fitness functions to optimize, specified as a function handle or function name.

fun is a function that accepts a real row vector of doubles x of length nvars and returns a real vector F(x) of objective function values. For details on writing fun, see Compute Objective Functions.

If you set the UseVectorized option to true, then fun accepts a matrix of size n-by-nvars, where the matrix represents n individuals. fun returns a matrix of size n-by-m, where m is the number of objective functions. See Vectorize the Fitness Function.

Example: @(x)[sin(x),cos(x)]

Data Types: char | function_handle | string

`nvars` — Number of variables
positive integer

Number of variables, specified as a positive integer. The solver passes row vectors of length nvars to fun.

Example: 4

Data Types: double

`A` — Linear inequality constraints
real matrix

Linear inequality constraints, specified as a real matrix. A is an M-by-nvars matrix, where M is the number of inequalities.

A encodes the M linear inequalities

A*x <= b,

where x is the column vector of nvars variables x(:), and b is a column vector with M elements.

For example, give constraints A = [1,2;3,4;5,6] and b = [10;20;30] to specify these sums:

x₁ + 2x₂ ≤ 10
3x₁ + 4x₂ ≤ 20
5x₁ + 6x₂ ≤ 30.

Example: To set the sum of the x-components to 1 or less, take A = ones(1,N) and b = 1.

Data Types: double

`b` — Linear inequality constraints
real vector

Linear inequality constraints, specified as a real vector. b is an M-element vector related to the A matrix. If you pass b as a row vector, solvers internally convert b to the column vector b(:).

b encodes the M linear inequalities

A*x <= b,

where x is the column vector of nvars variables x(:), and A is a matrix of size M-by-nvars.

For example, give constraints A = [1,2;3,4;5,6] and b = [10;20;30] to specify these sums:

x₁ + 2x₂ ≤ 10
3x₁ + 4x₂ ≤ 20
5x₁ + 6x₂ ≤ 30.

Example: To set the sum of the x-components to 1 or less, take A = ones(1,N) and b = 1.

Data Types: double

`Aeq` — Linear equality constraints
real matrix

Linear equality constraints, specified as a real matrix. Aeq is an Me-by-nvars matrix, where Me is the number of equalities.

Aeq encodes the Me linear equalities

Aeq*x = beq,

where x is the column vector of nvars variables x(:), and beq is a column vector with Me elements.

For example, give constraints Aeq = [1,2,3;2,4,1] and beq = [10;20] to specify these sums:

x₁ + 2x₂ + 3x₃ = 10
2x₁ + 4x₂ + x₃ = 20.

Example: To set the sum of the x-components to 1, take Aeq = ones(1,N) and beq = 1.

Data Types: double

`beq` — Linear equality constraints
real vector

Linear equality constraints, specified as a real vector. beq is an Me-element vector related to the Aeq matrix. If you pass beq as a row vector, solvers internally convert beq to the column vector beq(:).

beq encodes the Me linear equalities

Aeq*x = beq,

where x is the column vector of nvars variables x(:), and Aeq is a matrix of size Meq-by-N.

For example, give constraints Aeq = [1,2,3;2,4,1] and beq = [10;20] to specify these sums:

x₁ + 2x₂ + 3x₃ = 10
2x₁ + 4x₂ + x₃ = 20.

Example: To set the sum of the x-components to 1, take Aeq = ones(1,N) and beq = 1.

Data Types: double

`lb` — Lower bounds
real vector | real array

Lower bounds, specified as a real vector or real array. If numel(lb) = nvars, then lb specifies that x(i) >= lb(i) for all i.

If numel(lb) < nvars, then lb specifies that x(i) >= lb(i) for 1 <= i <= numel(lb).

In this case, solvers issue a warning.

Example: To specify all x-components as positive, set lb = zeros(nvars,1).

Data Types: double

`ub` — Upper bounds
real vector | real array

Upper bounds, specified as a real vector or real array. If numel(ub) = nvars, then ub specifies that x(i) <= ub(i) for all i.

If numel(ub) < nvars, then ub specifies that x(i) <= ub(i) for 1 <= i <= numel(ub).

In this case, solvers issue a warning.

Example: To specify all x-components as less than one, set ub = ones(nvars,1).

Data Types: double

`nonlcon` — Nonlinear constraints
function handle | function name

Nonlinear constraints, specified as a function handle or function name. nonlcon is a function that accepts a row vector x and returns two row vectors, c(x) and ceq(x).

c(x) is the row vector of nonlinear inequality constraints at x. The gamultiobj function attempts to satisfy c(x) <= 0 for all entries of c.
ceq(x) is the row vector nonlinear equality constraints at x. The gamultiobj function attempts to satisfy ceq(x) = 0 for all entries of ceq.

If you set the UseVectorized option to true, then nonlcon accepts a matrix of size n-by-nvars, where the matrix represents n individuals. nonlcon returns a matrix of size n-by-mc in the first argument, where mc is the number of nonlinear inequality constraints. nonlcon returns a matrix of size n-by-mceq in the second argument, where mceq is the number of nonlinear equality constraints. See Vectorize the Fitness Function.

For example, x = gamultiobj(@myfun,nvars,A,b,Aeq,beq,lb,ub,@mycon), where mycon is a MATLAB^® function such as the following:

function [c,ceq] = mycon(x)
c = ...     % Compute nonlinear inequalities at x.
ceq = ...   % Compute nonlinear equalities at x.

For more information, see Nonlinear Constraints.

Data Types: char | function_handle | string

`options` — Optimization options
output of `optimoptions` | structure

Optimization options, specified as the output of optimoptions or a structure. See option details in Genetic Algorithm Options.

optimoptions hides the options listed in italics. See Options that optimoptions Hides.

Values in {} denote the default value.
{}* represents the default when there are linear constraints, and for MutationFcn also when there are bounds.
I* indicates that the solver handles options for integer constraints differently.
NM indicates that the option does not apply to gamultiobj.

Options for ga and gamultiobj

Option	Description	Values
`ConstraintTolerance`	Determines the feasibility with respect to nonlinear constraints. Also, `max(sqrt(eps),ConstraintTolerance)` determines feasibility with respect to linear constraints. For an options structure, use `TolCon`.	Nonnegative scalar \| `{1e-3}`
`CreationFcn`	Function that creates the initial population. Specify as a name of a built-in creation function or a function handle. See Population Options.	`{'gacreationuniform'}` \| `{'gacreationlinearfeasible'}` \| `'gacreationnonlinearfeasible'` \| `{'gacreationuniformint'}`I for `ga` \| `{'gacreationsobol'}`I* for `gamultiobj` \| Custom creation function
`CrossoverFcn`	Function that the algorithm uses to create crossover children. Specify as a name of a built-in crossover function or a function handle. See Crossover Options.	`{'crossoverscattered'}` for `ga`, `{'crossoverintermediate'}` for `gamultiobj` \| `{'crossoverlaplace'}`I \| `'crossoverheuristic'` \| `'crossoversinglepoint'` \| `'crossovertwopoint'` \| `'crossoverarithmetic'` \| Custom crossover function
`CrossoverFraction`	The fraction of the population at the next generation, not including elite children, that the crossover function creates.	Nonnegative scalar \| `{0.8}`
`Display`	Level of display.	`'off'` \| `'iter'` \| `'diagnose'` \| `{'final'}`
`DistanceMeasureFcn`	Function that computes the distance measure of individuals. Specify as a name of a built-in distance measure function or a function handle. The value applies to the decision variable or design space (genotype) or to function space (phenotype). The default `'distancecrowding'` is in function space (phenotype). For `gamultiobj` only. See Multiobjective Options. For an options structure, use a function handle, not a name.	`{'distancecrowding'}` means the same as `{@distancecrowding,'phenotype'}` \| `{@distancecrowding,'genotype'}` \| Custom distance function
`EliteCount`	NM Positive integer specifying how many individuals in the current generation are guaranteed to survive to the next generation. Not used in `gamultiobj`.	Nonnegative integer \| `{ceil(0.05PopulationSize)}` \| `{0.05(default PopulationSize)}` for mixed-integer problems
`FitnessLimit`	NM If the fitness function attains the value of `FitnessLimit`, the algorithm halts.	Scalar \| `{-Inf}`
`FitnessScalingFcn`	Function that scales the values of the fitness function. Specify as a name of a built-in scaling function or a function handle. Option unavailable for `gamultiobj`.	`{'fitscalingrank'}` \| `'fitscalingshiftlinear'` \| `'fitscalingprop'` \| `'fitscalingtop'` \| Custom fitness scaling function
`FunctionTolerance`	The algorithm stops if the average relative change in the best fitness function value over `MaxStallGenerations` generations is less than or equal to `FunctionTolerance`. If `StallTest` is `'geometricWeighted'`, then the algorithm stops if the weighted average relative change is less than or equal to `FunctionTolerance`. For `gamultiobj`, the algorithm stops when the geometric average of the relative change in value of the spread over `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations is less than `options.FunctionTolerance`, and the final spread is less than the mean spread over the past `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations. See gamultiobj Algorithm. For an options structure, use `TolFun`.	Nonnegative scalar \| `{1e-6}` for `ga`, `{1e-4}` for `gamultiobj`
`HybridFcn`	I* Function that continues the optimization after `ga` terminates. Specify as a name or a function handle. Alternatively, a cell array specifying the hybrid function and its options. See ga Hybrid Function. For `gamultiobj`, the only hybrid function is `@fgoalattain`. See gamultiobj Hybrid Function. When the problem has integer constraints, you cannot use a hybrid function. See When to Use a Hybrid Function.	Function name or handle \| `'fminsearch' \| 'patternsearch' \| 'fminunc' \| 'fmincon' \| {[]}` or 1-by-2 cell array \| `{@solver, hybridoptions}`, where `solver = fminsearch`, `patternsearch`, `fminunc`, or `fmincon` `{[]}`
InitialPenalty	NM I* Initial value of the penalty parameter	Positive scalar \| `{10}`
`InitialPopulationMatrix`	Initial population used to seed the genetic algorithm. Has up to `PopulationSize` rows and `N` columns, where `N` is the number of variables. You can pass a partial population, meaning one with fewer than `PopulationSize` rows. In that case, the genetic algorithm uses `CreationFcn` to generate the remaining population members. See Population Options. For an options structure, use `InitialPopulation`.	Matrix \| `{[]}`
`InitialPopulationRange`	Matrix or vector specifying the range of the individuals in the initial population. Applies to `gacreationuniform` creation function. `ga` shifts and scales the default initial range to match any finite bounds. For an options structure, use `PopInitRange`.	Matrix or vector \| `{[-10;10]}` for unbounded components, `{[-1e4+1;1e4+1]}` for unbounded components of integer-constrained problems, `{[lb;ub]}` for bounded components, with the default range modified to match one-sided bounds
`InitialScoresMatrix`	Initial scores used to determine fitness. Has up to `PopulationSize` rows and `Nf` columns, where `Nf` is the number of fitness functions (`1` for `ga`, greater than `1` for `gamultiobj`). You can pass a partial scores matrix, meaning one with fewer than `PopulationSize` rows. In that case, the solver fills in the scores when it evaluates the fitness functions. For an options structure, use `InitialScores`.	Column vector for single objective \| matrix for multiobjective \| `{[]}`
`MaxGenerations`	Maximum number of iterations before the algorithm halts. For an options structure, use `Generations`.	Nonnegative integer \|`{100numberOfVariables}` for `ga`, `{200numberOfVariables}` for `gamultiobj`
`MaxStallGenerations`	The algorithm stops if the average relative change in the best fitness function value over `MaxStallGenerations` generations is less than or equal to `FunctionTolerance`. If `StallTest` is `'geometricWeighted'`, then the algorithm stops if the weighted average relative change is less than or equal to `FunctionTolerance`. For `gamultiobj`, the algorithm stops when the geometric average of the relative change in value of the spread over `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations is less than `options.FunctionTolerance`, and the final spread is less than the mean spread over the past `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations. See gamultiobj Algorithm. For an options structure, use `StallGenLimit`.	Nonnegative integer \| `{50}` for `ga`, `{100}` for `gamultiobj`
`MaxStallTime`	NM The algorithm stops if there is no improvement in the objective function for `MaxStallTime` seconds, as measured by `tic` and `toc`. For an options structure, use `StallTimeLimit`.	Positive scalar `\| {Inf}`
`MaxTime`	The algorithm stops after running for `MaxTime` seconds, as measured by `tic` and `toc`. This limit is enforced after each iteration, so `ga` can exceed the limit when an iteration takes substantial time. For an options structure, use `TimeLimit`.	Nonnegative scalar \| `{Inf}`
MigrationDirection	Direction of migration. See Migration Options.	`'both'` \| `{'forward'}`
MigrationFraction	Scalar from 0 through 1 specifying the fraction of individuals in each subpopulation that migrates to a different subpopulation. See Migration Options.	Scalar \| `{0.2}`
MigrationInterval	Positive integer specifying the number of generations that take place between migrations of individuals between subpopulations. See Migration Options.	Positive integer \| `{20}`
`MutationFcn`	Function that produces mutation children. Specify as a name of a built-in mutation function or a function handle. See Mutation Options.	`{'mutationgaussian'}` for `ga` without constraints \| `{'mutationadaptfeasible'}` for `gamultiobj` and for `ga` with constraints \| `{'mutationpower'}`I \| `'mutationpositivebasis'` \| `'mutationuniform'` \| Custom mutation function
`NonlinearConstraintAlgorithm`	Nonlinear constraint algorithm. See Nonlinear Constraint Solver Algorithms for Genetic Algorithm. Option unchangeable for `gamultiobj`. For an options structure, use `NonlinConAlgorithm`.	`{'auglag'}` for `ga`, `{'penalty'}` for `gamultiobj`
`OutputFcn`	Functions that `ga` calls at each iteration. Specify as a function handle or a cell array of function handles. See Output Function Options. For an options structure, use `OutputFcns`.	Function handle or cell array of function handles \| `{[]}`
`ParetoFraction`	Scalar from 0 through 1 specifying the fraction of individuals to keep on the first Pareto front while the solver selects individuals from higher fronts, for `gamultiobj` only. See Multiobjective Options.	Scalar \| `{0.35}`
PenaltyFactor	NM I* Penalty update parameter.	Positive scalar \| `{100}`
`PlotFcn`	Function that plots data computed by the algorithm. Specify as a name of a built-in plot function, a function handle, or a cell array of built-in names or function handles. See Plot Options. For an options structure, use `PlotFcns`.	`ga` or `gamultiobj`: `{[]} \| 'gaplotdistance' \| 'gaplotgenealogy' \| 'gaplotselection' \| 'gaplotscorediversity' \|'gaplotscores' \| 'gaplotstopping' \| 'gaplotmaxconstr' \|`Custom plot function `ga` only: `'gaplotbestf' \| 'gaplotbestindiv' \| 'gaplotexpectation' \| 'gaplotrange'` `gamultiobj` only: `'gaplotpareto' \| 'gaplotparetodistance' \| 'gaplotrankhist' \| 'gaplotspread'`
PlotInterval	Positive integer specifying the number of generations between consecutive calls to the plot functions.	Positive integer \| `{1}`
`PopulationSize`	Size of the population.	Positive integer \| `{50}` when `numberOfVariables <= 5`, `{200}` otherwise \| `{min(max(10*nvars,40),100)}` for mixed-integer problems
`PopulationType`	Data type of the population. Must be `'doubleVector'` for mixed-integer problems.	`'bitstring'` \| `'custom'` \| `{'doubleVector'}` `ga` ignores all constraints when `PopulationType` is set to `'bitString'` or `'custom'`. See Population Options.
`SelectionFcn`	Function that selects parents of crossover and mutation children. Specify as a name of a built-in selection function or a function handle. `gamultiobj` uses only `'selectiontournament'`.	`{'selectionstochunif'}` for `ga`, `{'selectiontournament'}` for `gamultiobj` \| `'selectionremainder'` \| `'selectionuniform'` \| `'selectionroulette'` \| Custom selection function
StallTest	NM Stopping test type.	`'geometricWeighted'` \| `{'averageChange'}`
`UseParallel`	Compute fitness and nonlinear constraint functions in parallel. See Vectorize and Parallel Options (User Function Evaluation) and How to Use Parallel Processing in Global Optimization Toolbox.	`true` \| `{false}`
`UseVectorized`	Specifies whether functions are vectorized. See Vectorize and Parallel Options (User Function Evaluation) and Vectorize the Fitness Function. For an options structure, use `Vectorized` with the values `'on'` or `'off'`.	`true` \| `{false}`

Example: optimoptions('gamultiobj','PlotFcn',@gaplotpareto)

`intcon` — Integer variables
vector of positive integers

Integer variables, specified as a vector of positive integers taking values from 1 to nvars. Each value in intcon represents an x component that is integer-valued.

Note

When intcon is nonempty, nonlcon must return empty for ceq.

Example: To specify that the even entries in x are integer-valued, set intcon to 2:2:nvars

Data Types: double

`problem` — Problem description
structure

Problem description, specified as a structure containing these fields.

`fitnessfcn`	Fitness functions
`nvars`	Number of design variables
`Aineq`	`A` matrix for linear inequality constraints
`Bineq`	`b` vector for linear inequality constraints
`Aeq`	`Aeq` matrix for linear equality constraints
`Beq`	`beq` vector for linear equality constraints
`lb`	Lower bound on `x`
`ub`	Upper bound on `x`
`nonlcon`	Nonlinear constraint functions
`intcon`	Indices of integer variables
`rngstate`	Field to reset the state of the random number generator
`solver`	`'gamultiobj'`
`options`	Options created using `optimoptions` or an options structure

You must specify the fields fitnessfcn, nvars, and options. The remainder are optional for gamultiobj.

Data Types: struct

Output Arguments

collapse all

`x` — Pareto points
`m`-by-`nvars` array

Pareto points, returned as an m-by-nvars array, where m is the number of points on the Pareto front. Each row of x represents one point on the Pareto front.

`fval` — Function values on Pareto front
`m`-by-`nf` array

Function values on the Pareto front, returned as an m-by-nf array. m is the number of points on the Pareto front, and nf is the number of fitness functions. Each row of fval represents the function values at one Pareto point in x.

`exitflag` — Reason `gamultiobj` stopped
integer

Reason gamultiobj stopped, returned as an integer.

exitflag Value	Stopping Condition
`1`	Geometric average of the relative change in value of the spread over `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations is less than `options.FunctionTolerance`, and the final spread is less than the mean spread over the past `options.MaxStallGenerations` generations
`0`	Maximum number of generations exceeded
`-1`	Optimization terminated by an output function or plot function
`-2`	No feasible point found
`-5`	Time limit exceeded

`output` — Information about the optimization process
structure

Information about the optimization process, returned as a structure with these fields.

output Field	Meaning
`problemtype`	Type of problem: `'unconstrained'` — No constraints `'boundconstraints'` — Only bound constraints `'linearconstraints'` — Linear constraints, with or without bound constraints `'nonlinearconstr'` — Nonlinear constraints, with or without other types of constraints
`rngstate`	State of the MATLAB random number generator, just before the algorithm started. You can use the values in `rngstate` to reproduce the output of `gamultiobj`. See Reproduce Results.
`generations`	Total number of generations, excluding `HybridFcn` iterations.
`funccount`	Total number of function evaluations.
`message`	`gamultiobj` exit message.
`averagedistance`	Average “distance,” which by default is the standard deviation of the norm of the difference between Pareto front members and their mean.
`spread`	Combination of the “distance,” and a measure of the movement of the points on the Pareto front between the final two iterations.
`maxconstraint`	Maximum constraint violation at the final Pareto set.

`population` — Final population
`n`-by-`nvars` array

Final population, returned as an n-by-nvars array, where n is the number of members of the population.

`scores` — Scores of the final population
`n`-by-`nf` array

Scores of the final population, returned as an n-by-nf array. n is the number of members of the population, and nf is the number of fitness functions.

When there are nonlinear constraints, gamultiobj sets the scores of infeasible population members to Inf.

More About

collapse all

Pareto Front

A Pareto front is a set of points in parameter space (the space of decision variables) that have noninferior fitness function values.

In other words, for each point on the Pareto front, you can improve one fitness function only by degrading another. For details, see What Is Multiobjective Optimization?

As in Local vs. Global Optima, it is possible for a Pareto front to be local, but not global. “Local” means that the Pareto points can be noninferior compared to nearby points, but points farther away in parameter space could have lower function values in every component.

Algorithms

gamultiobj uses a controlled, elitist genetic algorithm (a variant of NSGA-II [1]). An elitist GA always favors individuals with better fitness value (rank). A controlled elitist GA also favors individuals that can help increase the diversity of the population even if they have a lower fitness value. It is important to maintain the diversity of population for convergence to an optimal Pareto front. Diversity is maintained by controlling the elite members of the population as the algorithm progresses. Two options, ParetoFraction and DistanceMeasureFcn, control the elitism. ParetoFraction limits the number of individuals on the Pareto front (elite members). The distance function, selected by DistanceMeasureFcn, helps to maintain diversity on a front by favoring individuals that are relatively far away on the front. The algorithm stops if the spread, a measure of the movement of the Pareto front, is small. For details, see gamultiobj Algorithm.

Alternative Functionality

App

The Optimize Live Editor task provides a visual interface for gamultiobj.

References

[1] Deb, Kalyanmoy. Multi-Objective Optimization Using Evolutionary Algorithms. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2001.

Extended Capabilities

Automatic Parallel Support
Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

To run in parallel, set the 'UseParallel' option to true.

options = optimoptions('solvername','UseParallel',true)

For more information, see How to Use Parallel Processing in Global Optimization Toolbox.

Version History

Introduced in R2007b

gamultiobj

Syntax

Description

Examples

Simple Multiobjective Problem

Multiobjective Problem with Linear Constraint

Multiobjective Optimization with Bound Constraints

Disconnected Pareto Front

Integer gamultiobj

Obtain All Outputs from gamultiobj

Input Arguments

fun — Fitness functions to optimize function handle | function name

nvars — Number of variables positive integer

A — Linear inequality constraints real matrix

b — Linear inequality constraints real vector

Aeq — Linear equality constraints real matrix

beq — Linear equality constraints real vector

lb — Lower bounds real vector | real array

ub — Upper bounds real vector | real array

nonlcon — Nonlinear constraints function handle | function name

options — Optimization options output of optimoptions | structure

intcon — Integer variables vector of positive integers

problem — Problem description structure

Output Arguments

x — Pareto points m-by-nvars array

fval — Function values on Pareto front m-by-nf array

exitflag — Reason gamultiobj stopped integer

output — Information about the optimization process structure

population — Final population n-by-nvars array

scores — Scores of the final population n-by-nf array

More About

Pareto Front

Algorithms

Alternative Functionality

App

References

Extended Capabilities

Automatic Parallel Support Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.

Version History

See Also

Topics

Integer `gamultiobj`

Obtain All Outputs from `gamultiobj`

`fun` — Fitness functions to optimize
function handle | function name

`nvars` — Number of variables
positive integer

`A` — Linear inequality constraints
real matrix

`b` — Linear inequality constraints
real vector

`Aeq` — Linear equality constraints
real matrix

`beq` — Linear equality constraints
real vector

`lb` — Lower bounds
real vector | real array

`ub` — Upper bounds
real vector | real array

`nonlcon` — Nonlinear constraints
function handle | function name

`options` — Optimization options
output of `optimoptions` | structure

`intcon` — Integer variables
vector of positive integers

`problem` — Problem description
structure

`x` — Pareto points
`m`-by-`nvars` array

`fval` — Function values on Pareto front
`m`-by-`nf` array

`exitflag` — Reason `gamultiobj` stopped
integer

`output` — Information about the optimization process
structure

`population` — Final population
`n`-by-`nvars` array

`scores` — Scores of the final population
`n`-by-`nf` array

Automatic Parallel Support
Accelerate code by automatically running computation in parallel using Parallel Computing Toolbox™.