Code Generation for dlarray

Code Generation for `dlarray`

A deep learning array stores data with optional data format labels for custom training loops, and enables functions to compute and use derivatives through automatic differentiation. To learn more about custom training loops, automatic differentiation, and deep learning arrays, see Custom Training Loops (Deep Learning Toolbox).

Code generation supports both formatted and unformatted deep learning arrays. dlarray objects containing gpuArrays are also supported for code generation. To generate C/C++ code using deep learning arrays, you need to install MATLAB Coder Interface for Deep Learning. For generating and deploying CUDA^® code onto NVIDIA^® GPUs, you need to install GPU Coder Interface for Deep Learning. When you use deep learning arrays with CPU and GPU code generation, adhere to these restrictions:

Define `dlarray` for Code Generation

For code generation, use the dlarray (Deep Learning Toolbox) function to create deep learning arrays. For example, suppose you have a pretrained dlnetwork (Deep Learning Toolbox) network object in the mynet.mat MAT file. To predict the responses for this network, create an entry-point function in MATLAB^®.

There are two possibilities:

Design 1 (Not recommended)

In this design example, the input and output to the entry-point function, foo are of dlarray types. This type of entry-point function is not recommended for code generation because in MATLAB, dlarray enforces the order of labels 'SCBTU'. This behavior is replicated for MEX code generation. However, for standalone code generation such as static, dynamic libraries, or executables, the data format follows the specification of the fmt argument of the dlarray object. As a result, if the input or output of an entry-point function is a dlarray object and its order of labels is not 'SCBTU', then the data layout will be different between the MATLAB environment and standalone code.

function dlOut = foo(dlIn)

persistent dlnet;
if isempty(dlnet)
    dlnet = coder.loadDeepLearningNetwork('mynet.mat');
end

dlOut = predict(dlnet, dlIn);

end

Design 2 (Recommended)

In this design example, the input and output to foo are of primitive datatypes and the dlarray object is created within the function. The extractdata (Deep Learning Toolbox) method of the dlarray object returns the data in the dlarray dlA as the output of foo. The output a has the same data type as the underlying data type in dlA.

When compared to Design 1, this entry-point design has the following advantages:

Easier integration with standalone code generation workflows such as static, dynamic libraries, or executables.
The data format of the output from the extractdata function has the same order ('SCBTU') in both the MATLAB environment and the generated code.
Improves performance for MEX workflows.
Simplifies Simulink^® workflows using MATLAB Function blocks as Simulink does not natively support dlarray objects.

function a = foo(in)
dlIn = dlarray(in, 'SSC');

persistent dlnet;
if isempty(dlnet)
    dlnet = coder.loadDeepLearningNetwork('mynet.mat');
end

dlA = predict(dlnet, dlIn);

a = extractdata(dlA);

end

To see an example of dlnetwork and dlarray usage with MATLAB Coder™, see Generate Digit Images Using Variational Autoencoder on Intel CPUs.

Generate code for complex-valued `dlarray` objects

Code generation supports complex number functions with dlarray objects. You can pass complex-valued inputs to dlarray-supported complex number functions and generate C/C++ and CUDA code that does not depend on third-party libraries. You can implement the complex-valued dlarray support functionality in Simulink by using a MATLAB Function Block.

Code generation does not support passing complex-valued input to the predict method of dlnetwork object. For code generation, the dlarray input to the predict method of the dlnetwork object must be single data type.

You cannot pass a complex-valued input to a MEX function if the input is specified as real during code generation time. For more usage notes and limitations of code generation support for complex data, see Code Generation for Complex Data

`dlarray` Object Functions with Code Generation Support

For code generation, you are restricted to the deep learning array object functions listed in this table. For more information of usage notes and limitations, see the extended capabilities section on the reference page.

`dims` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	Dimension labels for `dlarray`
`extractdata` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	Extract data from `dlarray`
`finddim` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	Find dimensions with specified label
`stripdims` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	Remove `dlarray` labels

Deep Learning Toolbox Functions with `dlarray` Code Generation Support

Deep Learning Operations

Function	Description
`avgpool` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The average pooling operation performs downsampling by dividing the input into pooling regions and computing the average value of each region.
`batchnorm` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The batch normalization operation normalizes the input data across all observations for each channel independently. To speed up training of the convolutional neural network and reduce the sensitivity to network initialization, use batch normalization between convolution and nonlinear operations such as `relu` (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`dlconv` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The convolution operation applies sliding filters to the input data. Use the `dlconv` (Deep Learning Toolbox) function for deep learning convolution, grouped convolution, and channel-wise separable convolution.
`fullyconnect` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The fully connect operation multiplies the input by a weight matrix and then adds a bias vector.
`leakyrelu` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The leaky rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation operation performs a nonlinear threshold operation, where any input value less than zero is multiplied by a fixed scale factor.
`maxpool` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The maximum pooling operation performs downsampling by dividing the input into pooling regions and computing the maximum value of each region.
`relu` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The rectified linear unit (ReLU) activation operation performs a nonlinear threshold operation, where any input value less than zero is set to zero.
`sigmoid` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The sigmoid activation operation applies the sigmoid function to the input data.
`softmax` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	The softmax activation operation applies the softmax function to the channel dimension of the input data.

MATLAB Functions with `dlarray` Code Generation Support

Unary Element-wise Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`abs`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`acos`
`acosh`
`acot`
`acsc`
`angle`
`asec`
`asin`
`asinh`
`atan`
`atan2`
`atanh`
`conj`
`cos`
`cosh`
`cot`
`csc`
`exp`
`imag`
`real`
`reallog`
`realsqrt`
`log`
`sec`
`sign`
`sin`
`sinh`
`sqrt`
`tan`
`tanh`
`uplus`, `+`
`uminus`, `-`
`erf`

Binary Element-wise Operators

Function	Notes and Limitations
`complex`	For the one-input syntax, the output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray` For the two-input syntax, if `dlarray` inputs are formatted, their data formats must match.
`minus`, `-`	If the two `dlarray` inputs are formatted, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with a combination of both of their data formats. The function uses implicit expansion to combine the inputs. For more information, see Implicit Expansion with Data Formats (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`plus`, `+`
`power`, `.^`
`rdivide`, `./`
`realpow`
`times`, `.*`

Reduction Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`mean`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`. The `'omitnan'` option is not supported. If the input `dlarray` is on the GPU, the `'native'` option is not supported.
`prod`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`. The `'omitnan'` option is not supported.
`sum`
`vecnorm`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.

Extrema Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`ceil`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`eps`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`. Use `eps(ones(‘like’, x))` to get a scalar epsilon value based on the data type of a `dlarray` `x`.
`fix`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`floor`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`max`	When you find the maximum or minimum elements of a single `dlarray`, the output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`. When you find the maximum or minimum elements between two formatted `dlarray` inputs, the output `dlarray` has a combination of both of their data formats. The function uses implicit expansion to combine the inputs. For more information, see Implicit Expansion with Data Formats (Deep Learning Toolbox). The index output argument is not traced and cannot be used with automatic differentiation. For more information, see Use Automatic Differentiation In Deep Learning Toolbox (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`min`
`round`	Only the syntax `Y = round(X)` is supported. The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.

Fourier Transforms

Function Notes and Limitations

fft Only unformatted input arrays are supported.

Function	Notes and Limitations
`fft`	Only unformatted input arrays are supported.
`ifft`	Only unformatted input arrays are supported. When you use the `'symmetric'` option, `ifft` treats the input `Y` as exactly symmetric. If you compute the derivative using automatic differentiation, then the derivative is also exactly symmetric. If `Y` is non-symmetric, then the function and gradient behavior might not match. To ensure that function and gradient behavior match for non-symmetric inputs, explicitly symmetrize `Y`.

ifft

Only unformatted input arrays are supported.
When you use the 'symmetric' option, ifft treats the input Y as exactly symmetric. If you compute the derivative using automatic differentiation, then the derivative is also exactly symmetric. If Y is non-symmetric, then the function and gradient behavior might not match. To ensure that function and gradient behavior match for non-symmetric inputs, explicitly symmetrize Y.

Other Math Operations

Function	Notes and Limitations
`colon`, `:`	The supported operations are: `a:b` `a:b:c` For information on indexing into a `dlarray`, see Indexing (Deep Learning Toolbox). All inputs must be real scalars. The output `dlarray` is unformatted.
`mtimes`, `*`	One input can be a formatted `dlarray` only when the other input is an unformatted scalar. In this case, the output `dlarray` has the same data format as the formatted `dlarray` input. Multiplying a `dlarray` with a non-`dlarray` sparse matrix is supported only when both inputs are non-scalar.
`pagemtimes`	One input can be a formatted `dlarray` only when the other input is unformatted, with scalar pages. In this case, the output `dlarray` has the same data format as the formatted `dlarray` input. For code generation, each transpose option of `pagemtimes` must be constant.
`pinv`
`sort`

Logical Operations

Function	Notes and Limitations
`and`, `&`	If the two `dlarray` inputs are formatted, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with a combination of both of their data formats. The function uses implicit expansion to combine the inputs. For more information, see Implicit Expansion with Data Formats (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`eq`, `==`	If the two `dlarray` inputs are formatted, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with a combination of both of their data formats. The function uses implicit expansion to combine the inputs. For more information, see Implicit Expansion with Data Formats (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`ge`, `>=`
`gt`, `>`
`le`, `<=`
`lt`, `<`
`ne`, `~=`
`not`, `~`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`or`, `\|`	If the two `dlarray` inputs are formatted, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with a combination of both of their data formats. The function uses implicit expansion to combine the inputs. For more information, see Implicit Expansion with Data Formats (Deep Learning Toolbox).
`xor`

Size Manipulation Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`reshape`	The output `dlarray` is unformatted, even if the input `dlarray` is formatted. For code generation, the size dimensions must be fixed size.
`squeeze`	Two-dimensional `dlarray` objects are unaffected by `squeeze`. If the input `dlarray` is formatted, the function removes dimension labels belonging to singleton dimensions. If the input `dlarray` has more than two dimensions and its third and above dimensions are singleton, then the function discards these dimensions and their labels.
`repelem`	If you use the `u = repelem(v,n)` syntax and specify the number of times to repeat each element in `repelem`, the output `dlarray` is unformatted even if the input `dlarray` is formatted. If you use the `B = repelem(A,r1,...,rN)` syntax and specify the repetition factors for each dimension in `repelem`, the output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.
`repmat`	The output `dlarray` has the same data format as the input `dlarray`.

Transposition Operations

Function	Notes and Limitations
`ctranspose`, `'`	If the input `dlarray` is formatted, then the labels of both dimensions must be the same. The function performs transposition implicitly, and transposes directly only if necessary for other operations.
`permute`	If the input `dlarray` is formatted, then the permutation must be among only those dimensions that have the same label. The function performs permutations implicitly, and permutes directly only if necessary for other operations. For code generation, the dimension order must be fixed size.
`ipermute`	If the input `dlarray` is formatted, then the permutation must be among only those dimensions that have the same label. The function performs permutations implicitly, and permutes directly only if necessary for other operations. For code generation, the dimension order must be fixed size.
`transpose`, `.'`	If the input `dlarray` is formatted, then the labels of both dimensions must be the same. The function performs transposition implicitly, and transposes directly only if necessary for other operations.

Concatenation Functions

Function Notes and Limitations

Function	Notes and Limitations
`cat`	The `dlarray` inputs must have matching formats or be unformatted. Mixed formatted and unformatted inputs are supported. If any `dlarray` inputs are formatted, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with the same data format. For code generation, the dimension order to `cat` function must be fixed size.
`horzcat`
`vertcat`

cat

The dlarray inputs must have matching formats or be unformatted. Mixed formatted and unformatted inputs are supported. If any dlarray inputs are formatted, then the output dlarray is formatted with the same data format.

For code generation, the dimension order to cat function must be fixed size.

horzcat

vertcat

Conversion Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`cast`	`cast(dlA,newdatatype)` copies the data in the `dlarray` `dlA` into a `dlarray` of the underlying data type `newdatatype`. The `newdatatype` option must be `'double'`, `'single'`, or `'logical'`. The output `dlarray` is formatted with the same data format as `dlA`. `cast(A,'like',Y)` returns an array of the same type as `Y`. If `Y` is a `dlarray`, then the output is a `dlarray` that has the same underlying data type as `Y`. If `Y` is on the GPU, then the output is on the GPU. If both `A` and `Y` are `dlarray` objects, then the output `dlarray` is formatted with the same data format as the input `A`.
`double`	The output is a `dlarray` that contains data of type `double`.
`logical`	The output is a `dlarray` that contains data of type `logical`.
`single`	The output is a `dlarray` that contains data of type `single`.

Comparison Functions

Function Notes and Limitations

Function	Notes and Limitations
`isequal`	The syntax with more than two input arguments is not supported. Two `dlarray` inputs are equal if the numeric data they represent are equal and if they both are either formatted with the same data format or unformatted.
`isequaln`	The syntax with more than two input arguments is not supported. Two `dlarray` inputs are equal if the numeric data they represent are equal (treating `NaN`s as equal) and if they both are either formatted with the same data format or unformatted.

isequal

The syntax with more than two input arguments is not supported.
Two dlarray inputs are equal if the numeric data they represent are equal and if they both are either formatted with the same data format or unformatted.

isequaln

The syntax with more than two input arguments is not supported.
Two dlarray inputs are equal if the numeric data they represent are equal (treating NaNs as equal) and if they both are either formatted with the same data format or unformatted.

Data Type and Value Identification Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`isdlarray` (Deep Learning Toolbox)	N/A
`isfloat`	The software applies the function to the underlying data of an input `dlarray`.
`islogical`
`isnumeric`
`isreal`
`underlyingType`	N/A
`validateattributes`	If input array `A` is a formatted `dlarray`, its dimensions are permuted to match the order `"SCBTU"`. Size validation is applied after permutation.

Size Identification Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`iscolumn`	This function returns `true` for a `dlarray` that is a column vector, where each dimension except the first is a singleton. For example, a 3-by-1-by-1 `dlarray` is a column vector.
`ismatrix`	This function returns `true` for `dlarray` objects with only two dimensions and for `dlarray` objects where each dimension except the first two is a singleton. For example, a 3-by-4-by-1 `dlarray` is a matrix.
`isrow`	This function returns `true` for a `dlarray` that is a row vector, where each dimension except the second is a singleton. For example, a 1-by-3-by-1 `dlarray` is a row vector.
`isscalar`	N/A
`isvector`	This function returns `true` for a `dlarray` that is a row vector or column vector. Note that `isvector` does not consider a 1-by-1-by-3 `dlarray` to be a vector.
`length`	N/A
`ndims`	If the input `dlarray` `dlX` is formatted, then `ndims(dlX)` returns the number of dimension labels, even if some of the labeled dimensions are trailing singleton dimensions.
`numel`	N/A
`size`	If the input `dlarray` `dlX` is formatted, then `size(dlX)` returns a vector of length equal to the number of dimension labels, even if some of the labeled dimensions are trailing singleton dimensions.

Creator Functions

Function	Notes and Limitations
`false`	Only the `'like'` syntax is supported for `dlarray`.
`Inf`
`NaN`
`ones`
`rand`
`true`
`zeros`

Indexing

Code generation supports indexing dlarray objects and exhibits the following behaviors:

If you set dlY(idx1,...,idxn) = dlX, then dlY and dlX must be assignment compatible.
- Size of the data must not change. Out-of-bounds assignment operation is not supported.
- The assignment statement cannot add or drop U labels.
Code generation does not support deleting of parts of a dlarray object by using dlX(idx1,…,idxn) = [].

Related Examples

Generate Digit Images Using Variational Autoencoder on Intel CPUs

More About

dlarray Limitations for Code Generation
Define Custom Training Loops, Loss Functions, and Networks (Deep Learning Toolbox)
Train Network Using Custom Training Loop (Deep Learning Toolbox)
Make Predictions Using dlnetwork Object (Deep Learning Toolbox)